<p>The Grand Army of the Republic Memorial is a monument in Twin Springs Park of Siloam Springs, Arkansas. Located in the southern part of the park, it consists of a concrete foundation, on which rest two tiers of granite slabs, laid horizontally. These are topped by a vertical granite column that has an onion form at the top. The sides of the horizontal slabs are rusticated, as are three sides of the column. The fourth side is engraved, from the top down, with an inverted five-point star labelled "GAR", then the words "IN GOD WE TRUST", then a Maltese cross engraved "WOMENS RELIEF CORPS 1833", then "ERECTED BY/CURTIS POST/1928", and finally a wreath topped by an eagle and crossed cannons, with "US" in the center surrounded by "PRESERVED BY THE GRACE OF GOD". The memorial was placed in 1928, and is the only known memorial statewide to mention the Grand Armys Women&#39;s Relief Corps.</p><br>
<p>The monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Fort Hill is a 0.4 square mile neighborhood and historic district of Roxbury, in Boston, Massachusetts. The approximate boundaries of Fort Hill are Malcolm X Boulevard on the north, Washington Street on the southeast, and Columbus Avenue on the southwest.</p><br>
<p>The geographic area comprising Fort Hill was strategically important during the American Revolutionary War and housed the patriot army defenses during the Siege of Boston. Fort Hill is actually named after an earthwork fortification that the patriot army built upon the hill located at the center of the neighborhood. The hill is now the location of Highland Park, which is notable for a Victorian-era tower designed by Nathaniel Jeremiah Bradlee, and landscaping designed by Frederick Law Olmsted.</p><br>
<p>Fort Hill developed rapidly as a residential neighborhood in the 19th century, especially after the extension of streetcar service from Boston. Fort Hill is served by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority&#39;s Orange and Silver Lines. The neighborhood features a variety of architecture including Greek Revival and Italiantate houses that predate the American Civil War, classic Boston triple-deckers, row houses and newer green developments. The neighborhood of Fort Hill, which is sometimes referred to as Highland Park, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Roxbury Highlands Historic District on February 22, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Points of interest</h2><br>
<p>Fort Hill is home to the First Church in Roxbury, which, gathered in 1631, was the sixth church founded in New England. The Church has had five different meeting houses at its site at the intersection of Highland Avenue and Center Street, with the current dwelling, built in 1803, still standing today as the oldest wooden frame church building in Boston. The First Church of Roxbury marked the starting point for the April 18, 1775 Midnight Ride by William Dawes who, along with Paul Revere, was dispatched by Joseph Warren to warn Lexington and Concord of the British incursion during the Revolutionary War. The First Church currently is the headquarters of the Unitarian Universalist Urban Ministry&#39;s activities.</p><br>
<p>The Dillaway-Thomas House located at 183 Roxbury Street was used by the patriots in the Revolutionary War. The Dillaway-Thomas House was built as a parsonage for the First Church in Roxbury, with construction beginning in 1750. During the eleven-month siege of Boston from April 1775 through March 1776, the 4700 soldier right wing of the patriot army camped in Roxbury. Major General John Thomas used the house as his headquarters. The Dillaway-Thomas House now houses the operations for Roxbury Heritage State Park.</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolutionary War, the Roxbury High Fort played a significant strategic role in the Siege of Boston. The fort, located on what is now Beech Glen Street, gave Fort Hill its name.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Colonial era to the early 19th century</h3><br>
<p>The area comprising Fort Hill primarily contained country estates and farm and pasture land in the era preceding the American Revolutionary War. Despite its agrarian orientation, the area was strategically important to the colonial resistance to the Siege of Boston. The only road that connected the mainland with Boston on the Shawmut Peninsula passed through Fort Hill, dividing at John Eliot Square into the road to Brookline and Cambridge (Roxbury and Tremont Streets) and the road to Dedham (Centre Street). The District&#39;s height overlooking the land connection and its puddingstone outcroppings made it an advantageous location for the Continental Army to build fortifications.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 1775, the Continental Army built two forts in the area as part of a circle of defenses that eventually enabled the evacuation of the British from Boston. The Lower Fort was located on two acres of land between Cedar, Highand and Linwood Streets. The High Fort was an earthworks structure that occupied the summit of the hill. The Revolutionary War resulted in the destruction of many of Fort Hill&#39;s colonial-era buildings, and the Dillaway-Thomas is the only surviving pre-Revolutionary structure in the District.</p><br>
<p>Fort Hill began its transformation from agricultural to residential uses in the early nineteenth century. In 1803, what is now known as Washington Street was improved to become the Norfolk and Bristol Turnpike, a road that connected Boston with Pawtucket, Rhode Island. As early as the 1820s, a horse-drawn bus line was established along Washington Street to carry commuters into Boston, and in 1835 the railroad from Boston to Providence was sighted along the Stony Brook Valley on the North side of Fort Hill. These improved transportation options drew a population of wealthy estate builders and upper middle class businessmen to Fort Hill.</p><br>
<h3>Annexation and Streetcar suburb</h3><br>
<p>Roxburys annexation to Boston in 1868 triggered the first wave of heavy suburbanization within the District. In 1869, Roxbury built the Cochituate Standpipe, the neighborhoods most widely known structure, to modernize its water system. One additional development project significantly increased the attractiveness of the neighborhood. Electric trolley service began in 1889 and residents began to move to Fort Hill in mass, creating a market for row houses, triple-story houses, and single-family homes.</p><br>
<p>During the early twentieth century, Fort Hill experienced an influx of immigrants of English, Irish, and German descent. The influence of German immigrants is visible in some of Fort Hill&#39;s architecture in the area around Egleston Square. Late nineteenth-century suburban development was dominated by the Yankee Protestant middle class, while the early twentieth-century witnessed the influx of a middle class Jewish population. In the 1940s and 1950s, Fort Hill witnessed another wave of immigration, as many African American people from the American South moved into the neighborhood as part of the Great Migration. Following the influx of African Americans, Fort Hill and Roxbury in general became what the City of Boston has characterized as the "heart" of black culture in Boston.</p><br>
<h3>Present day</h3><br>
<p>Today, Fort Hill is home to an ethnically and linguistically diverse community. Fort Hill has been recognized for its sizable population of residents with Irish, Puerto Rican, Dominican, German and Sub-Saharan African roots. Over the last decade Fort Hill has experienced an influx of professionals, artists and students, many of whom attend Northeastern University, Massachusetts College of Art and Design or Wentworth Institute of Technology. Fort Hill is also often referred to as a neighborhood that is notable for having a high concentration of residents living with same-sex partners, and has a history of its residents advocating for gay rights.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Fort Hill is served by the MBTA&#39;s bus and rail services, roadways and public bicycle trails.</p><br>
<p>The Orange Line is a subway line, which runs along the North side of Fort Hill and stops at Jackson Square and Roxbury Crossing.</p><br>
<p>The Silver Line&#39;s #4 and #5 bus rapid transit lines originate in Dudley Square MBTA Station and serve downtown Boston, among many other areas.</p><br>
<p>Fort Hill is served by numerous MBTA bus routes. Dudley Square MBTA Station is a transfer point for 15 local MBTA Bus routes.</p><br>
<p>Fort Hill contains a few major roads including Washington Street, Columbus Avenue and Malcolm X. Boulevard. Most of the residential areas of the district allow for resident and nonresident street parking.</p><br>
<p>Bicycle paths. The Pierre Lallement Bicycle Path runs along the Southwest Corridor Park from Forrest Hills to Back Bay.</p><br>
<p>MBTA Commuter Rail can be accessed at the Ruggles and Back Bay stops.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Fort Hill is served by Boston Public Schools, which assigns students using an algorithm based on, among other things, the preferences of the applicants and the location of a student&#39;s home. Fort Hill is home to a number of primary and secondary schools including Nathan Hale Elementary School (PK&ndash;5), Timilty Middle School (6&ndash;8), and the</p><br>
<p>John D. OBryant School of Math & Science (7&ndash;12). Fort Hill hosts two institutions of higher learning, Roxbury Community College and Emmanuel Colleges retreat center.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Nathaniel Jeremiah Bradlee (1829–1888), architect, partner in the firm Bradlee, Winslow & Wetherell.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Dudley (1576–1653), colonial magistrate, Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.</p><br>
<p>William Lloyd Garrison (1805–1879), journalist, abolitionist, lived in a Fort Hill home the last 15 years of his life.</p><br>
<p>Edward Everett Hale (1822–1909), author, historian and Unitarian minister.</p><br>
<p>Louis Prang (1824–1909), printer, lithographer and publisher.</p><br>
<p>William Pynchon (1590–1662), colonial treasurer, original patentee of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, author, founder of Springfield, Massachusetts, US.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Elmer Bly House, also known as Bly House and The Point, is a historic log house in Port Alsworth, Alaska. It is located on a spit of land adjacent to Hardenburg Bay, an inlet of Lake Clark, and presently houses administrative offices of the Lake Clark National Park and Preserve. The house is a 1-1/2 story log structure, measuring 23 x. It has a projecting screened arctic entrance vestibule measuring 10 x. The logs used in its construction are sawn on three sides at a local sawmill. The house was built in 1947 by Dr. Elmer Bly, a dentist, and Joe Thompson. Bly operated his dental practice here from 1947 to 1953. It was purchased by the National Park Service 1979, at which time the interior was modernized and the exterior rehabilitated.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Riemer See lake, also known as sea in Riemer Park, was a part of the Bundesgartenschau 2005, and is an artificial lake in Munich, Bavaria, Germany.</p><br>
<p>The Riemer Park which is located in the new Messestadt Riem, was planned by the French landscape architect Gilles Vexlard. The Riemer See is located in the most eastern part of the park. It makes up a fresh water area of approximately 7.7 hectares, and is 14 meters deep, in some areas as deep as 18 meters. The lake is surrounded by the park which includes a north shore, pier and beach area that makes up another 6.1 hectares.</p><br>
<h2>Planning</h2><br>
<p>The north shore connects the lake with the emerging new residential districts and takes on an urban character through its quays and promenades. The remote urban areas transition to the landscapes scenic south shore designed with extensive meadows and planted trees. The narrow shallow water zone on the river bank has been filled with a rich variety of perennials. The natural western shore provides a reed belt in the shallow area which is used for water purification and an overflow area with infiltration basins, a pedestrian bridge spans over the area and provides a connection from north to south and allows visitors to experience the nature. The eastern shore is a beach for swimming, with a gently sloped shoreline which allows for a safe swimming area for children, it is surrounded by lawn areas with lots of room for lounging.</p><br>
<h2>Technical specifications</h2><br>
<p>Due to the very high groundwater fluctuations and despite the lack of space, a sealed ground water lake with a high water table was built. The lakes water-impermeable layers (tertiary) are sealed around and create a dense run off trough. To avoid groundwater damming, three basic water transfers (culverts) were built allow water to transfer from south to north, and in addition to the run off area, the groundwater is pumped out of the ground in the other surrounding areas and flows into the lake. Through an overflow area at the western end of the lake, the access water is purified in the infiltration basin and fed into the ground water. Through the exchange of water, a consistent water quality can be ensured.</p><br>
<h2>Security</h2><br>
<p>As part of the landscape design for the Bundesgartenschau 2005, a new water rescue station between the northern and eastern shores of the Riemer lake was created. Since the end of the Bundesgartenschau, the lifeguard duties were taken over by a local Wasserwacht group made up of 20 members.</p><br>
<p>The Gypsy Camp Historic District encompasses a former summer camp facility in rural southwestern Benton County, Arkansas. It is located on the west side of Arkansas Highway 59, about 5 mi south of Siloam Springs, on the north side of the Illinois River. The camp facilities were built in the 1920s for a girls summer camp, and are believed to be the only facilities built for that purpose in the state. The camp includes four cabins for campers, a dining/recreation hall, and three residential structures. All are finished with either pine slats or board-and-batten siding. There is a centrally-located rock arbor and wall that provide an outside seating area. The camp operated from 1921 to 1978.</p><br>
<p>The camp was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Sackpfeife is a mountain,, in the Rothaar Mountains on the boundary of the counties of Waldeck-Frankenberg and Marburg-Biedenkopf in the German state of Hesse.</p><br>
<p>On top of the forested mountain, which is a well known and popular recreation area, are the Emperor William II Tower, which offers views over the Rothaar highlands, the Biedenkopf Transmitter and a ski lift.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>The Sackpfeife rises in the southern Rothaar Mountains in the western part of the state of Hesse on the border between the counties of Waldeck-Frankenberg to the north and Marburg-Biedenkopf to the south. It lies east of the Wittgensteiner Land in the extensive woodlands of Hatzfeld Forest between Hatzfeld in the north and Biedenkopf in the south.</p><br>
<p>Although the Sackpfeife is not one of the highest mountains in the Rothaar, whose summits reach, it towers prominently above its immediate surroundings and has a topographic isolation of about 8 km. Because the summit region is extremely wide in the direction of the range (north-northeast) its highest point lies clearly within the parish of Hatzfeld and thus in the county of Waldeck-Frankenberg, but, for example the site of the Biedenkopf Transmitter is in the borough of Biedenkopf at a height of, just under that of the main summit. Hence the Sackpfeife is also the highest mountain in Marburg-Biedenkopf and is marketed by the Biedenkopf Municipal Development Company to that end, whilst Waldeck-Frankenberg has clearly higher mountains in the Upland.</p><br>
<p>The Sackpfeife is accessible by car on a no-through road between Hatzfeld-Eifa and Biedenkopf that branches off the Bundesstraße 253.</p><br>
<p>Old St Stephens Church is a heritage-listed Roman Catholic church at 249 Elizabeth Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by A W Pugin and built from 1849 to 1850 by Alexander Goold and Andrew Petrie. It is also known as Pugin Chapel. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land at the site was originally planned for church purposes in 1847. Six allotments of section 33 were set aside for the use of the Roman Catholic Church in September 1848 with the original deeds of grant being signed by New South Wales Governor Charles Fitzroy in November 1849 (Queensland did not separate from New South Wales until 1859).</p><br>
<p>From the early days of free settlement, Brisbanes Catholic population was significant with Catholics comprising 30% of residents in 1846. In 1849 and 1850 the New South Wales Government, under provisions of Governor Richard Bourkes 1836 Church Act, subsidised the building of Old St Stephens Church which was opened on 12 May 1850. It was built by Alexander Goold, to a design attributed to the internationally renowned Gothic Revival architect Augustus Welby Pugin, a personal friend of Sydney-based Archbishop Bede Polding.</p><br>
<p>With the growth of Brisbanes Catholic community and with Separation approaching, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane was created in 1859. Old St Stephens became a cathedral but its capacity became increasingly inadequate and on 26 December 1863, Archbishop Quinn laid the foundation stone for a new cathedral. In the eleven years it took to finish the new St Stephens Cathedral, provision was made for extra space in the old church. A wooden annexe was built onto the northern frontage and extra doorways were cut in the stone wall on this side. Inadequate accommodation was not the only problem, for the soft sandstone was crumbling, particularly that of the little belfry which had to be dismantled at some time before 1875. A temporary wooden belfry was erected to a design by architect AB Wilson in 1888.</p><br>
<p>After the consecration of the new cathedral in 1874, the old church was used as a school by the Christian Brothers until they moved to their new site at Gregory Terrace in 1880. The Sisters of Mercy then conducted a school in the old church building until the permanent St Stephens School was opened in 1892. Since that time the building has been variously used as a storeroom, offices, display space, meeting area and choir practice room.</p><br>
<p>On a number of occasions, the demolition of the old church was contemplated. However, it was finally decided to restore it as a place of worship. Based on historical evidence, restoration was done to recreate the bell tower, the stone tracery in the windows and the timber shingle roof. A stained glass window depicting Jesus Christ and the story of St Stephen was placed in the west window. The furniture can be re-arranged to suit a variety of church services, weddings, spiritual talks and sacred music performances. The nave is separated from the apse by four timber panels and a rood bar with a crucifix in the midpoint. The apse space contains a shrine of Saint Mary MacKillop. On 5 February 1999, the church was re-dedicated as St Stephen&#39;s Chapel by Archbishop John Bathersby.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The chapel is made of locally quarried sandstone and originally had a shingled roof, now slate. It conforms to a standard English type of small church with a simple rectangular nave with a square chancel attached via an arch. A little square sacristy is attached to the north side of the chancel and a square porch gives onto the south-west end of the nave.</p><br>
<p>Externally the elevations are extremely simple with an unadorned ashlar lower section with small lancets let into the wall above a roll moulding to form a clerestory. The chancel has a small rose in the gable with three lancets below.</p><br>
<p>The west end of the chapel has a simple but attractive perpendicular window in the upper section with a door in the lower section. The original stone tracery of the window has been replaced with wood. Externally the sandstone has weathered badly. A small stone bell tower was once mounted above the western gable but was taken down before 1875. Internally the chapel has fine Gothic proportions. It has finely crafted timber trusses with collar ties and a timber ceiling above. The stonework has been painted and the ecclesiastical accoutrements removed.</p><br>
<p>Old St Stephens Church is located towards the front of the site facing Elizabeth Street and south of the Cathedral. The open space surrounding the church is enclosed to each side by the southern elevation of the Cathedral, the rear of the buildings facing Edward Street and the back of St Stephens Girls School. This is an open grassy area that is now planted with rows of palm trees and crossed by concrete paths as part of the 1989 project involving the renovation of the Cathedral.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Old St Stephens Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Old St Stephens Church is significant as the oldest surviving church building in Brisbane and provides evidence of construction techniques used in Brisbane in the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Old St Stephens Church is significant as the oldest surviving church building in Brisbane and provides evidence of construction techniques used in Brisbane in the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>Old St Stephens Church is an excellent example of a small stone English Gothic Revival church and is significant as an example of the first churches erected in Brisbane with permanence in mind.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Old St Stephen&#39;s Church is significant as part of a group of prominent ecclesiastical buildings of which this is the earliest component.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Old St Stephens Church is important for its association with a religious group of significance in the early settlement of Brisbane. The Church is continues to be a building held in high esteem by both the Catholic community and the general public.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Old St Stephens Church is significant as an example of the work of a prominent early builder, Andrew Petrie and as the product of a design attributed to renowned British architect, AWN Pugin.</p><br>
<p>St Stephens School is a heritage-listed former Roman Catholic school at 172 Charlotte Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by architect John Ibler and built in 1892 by Thomas Rees. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The school stands on land which was designated for church use in 1847 and officially granted to the Catholic Church in 1849. The very first denominational school in Brisbane had been established in 1845 by the Catholic Church - an indication of early Catholic commitment to education. The aspirations of the Catholic Church and the nature of the 1875 education legislation in Queensland ensured that the early commitment became an enduring feature of Catholic activity, for the church deplored the secular nature of instruction offered in "state" schools and determined to establish its own schools wherever possible. It was within this context that the erection of St Stephens School occurred.</p><br>
<p>Classes had been conducted in various "second-hand" buildings since 1845, but on 20 March 1892 Archbishop Robert Dunne, a trained teacher, laid the foundation stone for this purpose-built school. A tin capsule containing copies of the three Brisbane daily newspapers and The Australasian was lodged under the stone. Mr John Ibler of Simkin & Ibler, the designers of the building, was present at the ceremony and the contractor, Thomas Rees, made a donation towards the cost of erection. Rees was a prolific building contractor of the period - he built the South East Queensland Water Board Building and Spencers Building.</p><br>
<p>Construction time was quite brief - on 25 September 1892 the school was blessed by Cardinal Patrick Francis Moran in the presence of a large public gathering. By contemporary standards this was a most impressive school and Cardinal Moran was moved to remark that he hoped "...the people of New South Wales would not allow themselves to be surpassed by those of Queensland in the erection of such schools." The cardinal and several visiting church officials were in Brisbane to open two new churches, lay the foundation stone of another, bless the new school and unveil a statue of the late Bishop James O&#39;Quinn.</p><br>
<p>The school was run by the Sisters of Mercy as a primary school for girls until its closure in 1965. Subsequently the building was extended and later reopened in 1967 as church administration offices. The 1960s extension was subsequently removed as part of the large St Stephens Cathedral project of the late 1980s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This three-storeyed school building is built in the Gothic Revival style. It is T-shaped in plan form with the top of the T being the street elevation and the leg of the T extending back into the site. The building is symmetrical from the front elevation. Most window openings have Gothic pointed arches. There are three large openings across the lower level with six smaller windows on the first level, and another six on the upper level. The middle portion of the building has pointed openings whilst those on the wings are rectangular. The central section rises above the wings to a gable containing a small rose window. The building is constructed of brick and has plaster used decoratively around window openings and as horizontal mouldings. The entry is located centrally within an elaborately rendered porch. Verandahs run along either side of the central brick core. Another verandah has been recently added across the rear of the building replacing an unsympathetic brick extension. The masonry and cast iron front fence uses similar detailing to the body of the building and was probably constructed at the same time.</p><br>
<p>Internally the building has undergone a variety of alterations. The original stair remains to the right of the entry but its timber structure and railing have been painted. On the top level large brackets which support the trusses are exposed, but the ceiling line is not original. A suspended ceiling comes down below the window heads on the ground floor.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Stephens School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Stephens School is significant as evidence of the determination of the Catholic Church to develop its own system of education rather than accept the states secular education policies.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>St Stephen&#39;s School is representative of the imposing architectural style employed in late nineteenth century church schools.</p><br>
<p>St Stephens School is an example of an inner city Gothic Revival school that is one of a group of ecclesiastical buildings prominent in this part of the city. St Stephens School is significant for its contribution, together with other buildings in this ecclesiastical group, to the Charlotte Street streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>St Stephen&#39;s School is significant for its association with the significant contribution of the Sisters of Mercy to Catholic education in Queensland and as a building held in high esteem by the Catholic community and the wider Brisbane public.</p><br>
<p>The Canelo School is a historic one-room schoolhouse in eastern Santa Cruz County, Arizona, in the ghost town of Canelo. Opened in 1912, the Canelo School is one of the few one-room adobe schoolhouses remaining in the state. As a rare and well-preserved surviving example of a once common school building type in southern Arizona. The Canelo School was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 31, 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>"Canelo" comes from the Spanish word "canela", meaning cinnamon, and was the name applied to the nearby Canelo Hills, which have a light brownish or cinnamon colored appearance when viewed from the south. In 1904, the local Forest Ranger, Robert A. Rodgers, asked the county to establish a post office in town named "Canille", which was later changed to "Canela" and finally to "Canelo" over the following years. As a result of these alterations in spelling, the Canelo School is also referred to as the "Canille School".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Canelo School was built in 1912 to replace a similar one-room adobe schoolhouse located in Camp Evans, which was a small silver mining camp two miles to the east of Canelo. The site chosen for construction of the new building was on the homestead of B.K. Wilson, who was the school teacher in Camp Evans. Wilson deeded the property to the Canelo School District about 1914 with a caveat that stated the land would be forfeited if used for commercial or industrial purposes. The deed was recorded in 1942 at the request of Cora Everhart, a Santa Cruz County superintendent who taught in many of the one-room schoolhouses in southern Arizona.</p><br>
<p>The Canelo School first opened in September 1912 with about twenty attendees and closed in 1948, when the number of students declined to just one. The first school teacher was Miss Fern Bartlett, a twenty-year-old woman who rode her horse eight miles to get to the schoolhouse every morning. Since its closing, the schoolhouse has served the people in the Canelo area as a community center, country store, church, and funeral home. In 1917, the trustees of the Canelo School District became the legal agents responsible for the Black Oak Cemetery, a free-use graveyard a few miles northwest of the townsite. The schoolhouse is currently occupied by the Canelo Cowboy Church and is open to visitors on Sundays.</p><br>
<p>The Canelo School has a stone and concrete foundation, adobe walls, a cedar roof and wooden floors made of pine and oak. Heat was originally supplied by a wood-burning stove. In the 1930s, the adobe walls were plastered and sections of tin were placed over the cedar shingles on the roof. The front entrance is at the northern end of the building, above which is a square bell tower with a pyramidal top. There are five windows on the western wall and four on the eastern side. A fifth window in the eastern wall was later converted into a doorway and side entrance. There are no doors or windows in the southern wall. In spite of some damage caused by vandalism and neglect, the Canelo School remains "virtually the same" as it was when built in 1912.</p><br>
<p>Hebron Church  is a mid-19th-century Lutheran church in Intermont, Hampshire County, in the USA state of West Virginia. Hebron Church was founded in 1786 by German settlers in the Cacapon River Valley, making it the first Lutheran church west of the Shenandoah Valley. The congregation worshiped in a log church, which initially served both Lutheran and Reformed denominations. Its congregation was originally German-speaking; the church&#39;s documents and religious services were in German until 1821, when records and sermons transitioned to English.</p><br>
<p>The churchs congregation built the present Greek Revival-style -story church building in 1849, when it was renamed Hebron on the Cacapon. The original log church was moved across the road and subsequently used as a sextons house, Sunday school classroom, and public schoolhouse (attended by future West Virginia governor Herman G. Kump).</p><br>
<p>To celebrate the congregation&#39;s 175th anniversary in 1961, Hebron Church constructed a brick community and religious education building designed to be architecturally compatible with the 1849 brick church. As of October 2015, the church continues to be used by the West Virginia-Western Maryland Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Hebron Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 16, 2014, for its architectural distinction as a local example of vernacular Greek Revival church architecture in the Potomac Highlands.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and setting</h2><br>
<p>Hebron Church and its cemetery are located east of Carpers Pike (West Virginia Route 259) in the unincorporated community of Intermont, about 3.20 mi southwest of Yellow Spring, and 5.63 mi northeast of the town of Wardensville. Capon Lake and the Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge are 0.64 mi northeast of the church. The church and its cemetery are on a 3.879 acre lot.</p><br>
<p>Hebron Church is on the plain of a predominantly rural agricultural and forested area of southeastern Hampshire County, in the Cacapon River Valley. Baker Mountain, a forested, narrow anticlinal mountain ridge, rises west of the church, and the western rolling foothills of the anticlinal Great North Mountain rise east of the valley. The Cacapon River, just southeast of the church, is hidden from the church and cemetery by mature foliage. George Washington National Forest, encompassing the forested area east of the Cacapon River, is east of the church.</p><br>
<p>The National Register of Historic Places listing for Hebron Church includes the brick church and cemetery. They are accessible from WV 259 by a semicircular asphalt driveway, separated from the church and cemetery by a wrought iron fence and lined with large, old-growth maple trees along the property&#39;s northwestern perimeter. A paved brick walkway leads from the gate to the northwestern façade and two main entrances of the church. The church is surrounded on its northeastern, southeastern, and southwestern sides by a cemetery which is still in use. The cemetery contains over 600 gravestones, several yuccas, a hemlock tree, and a boxwood. A modern brick community building, within the historic boundary south of the church and cemetery, is used for church activities.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>The land upon which Hebron Church and its cemetery are located was originally part of the Northern Neck Proprietary, a land grant that the exiled Charles II awarded to seven of his supporters in 1649 during the English Interregnum. Following the Restoration in 1660, Charles II finally ascended to the English throne. Charles II renewed the Northern Neck Proprietary grant in 1662, revised it in 1669, and again renewed the original grant favoring original grantee Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper and Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington in 1672. In 1681, Bennet sold his share to Lord Colepeper, and Lord Colepeper received a new charter for the entire land grant from James II in 1688. Following the deaths of Lord Colepeper, his wife Margaret, and his daughter Katherine, the Northern Neck Proprietary passed to Katherine&#39;s son Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron in 1719.</p><br>
<p>Under Lord Fairfax&#39;s ownership, the Cacapon River Valley was predominantly inhabited by English-speaking settlers as early as the late 1730s; most came from Pennsylvania and New Jersey. As settlement progressed during the second half of the 18th century, the fertile land of Hampshire County (including the Cacapon River Valley) also attracted German settlers from Pennsylvania and elsewhere in Virginia before and after the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783).</p><br>
<h3>Establishment</h3><br>
<p>As the population of German settlers in the region began to increase, the desire for Lutheran religious services and education also grew. Ministers, including Henry Muhlenberg disciple Christian Streit, began to establish congregations in the largest communities of western Virginia. he is considered the patriarch of the Lutheran Church in the United States. Streit, charged with ministering to a Lutheran congregation in Winchester, settled there on July 19, 1785.</p><br>
<p>Hebron Church, originally known as the Great Capon Church, was established by early German settlers in 1786 as a united German congregation of the Reformed and Lutheran denominations. The congregation was also known as the German Churches, since it served both denominations. In its earliest days, the church was served by pastors connected with congregations in the Shenandoah Valley. Streit incorporated the church into his circuit shortly after its founding, regularly traveling to the Cacapon River Valley for baptisms and weddings, but his ministry did not extend west of Cooper Mountain. According to the oldest extant church record, six people were confirmed in the Lutheran Synod and nine confirmed in the German Reformed Church in November 1786. On September 23, 1787, seven more people were confirmed in the Lutheran Synod; the church&#39;s enrollment then began to increase.</p><br>
<p>Early religious services were held in the log church The united congregation became Hebron Church, the first Lutheran church west of the Shenandoah Valley.</p><br>
<p>While the Reformed and Lutheran congregations used the log church, they were ministered by two pastors. Abraham Gottlieb Deschler ministered to the Lutherans, and Jacob Rebas (or Repass) ministered to the Reformed congregation until the latter dissolved around 1813. Although the church served both denominations, it was later served by one minister (Reformed or Lutheran). Originally a German-speaking congregation, its documents and religious services were in German until 1821 (an early transition to English for a German denomination in the United States). By that time, under the pastorship of Abraham Reck (1812–21), the congregation was known as Capon Church.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The congregation of Great Capon Church built the present one-and-a-half-story Lutheran church building in 1849, when it was briefly renamed Hebron on the Cacapon after the Scriptural Hebron (the city associated with Judah, Abraham, and Isaac). The church was later known simply as Hebron Church.</p><br>
<p>The brick church was constructed east of the original log structure, which was located to the west of the present community building. The 1849 church was originally topped by a wooden shake roof, and its windows had double-hung wooden sashes. Its pews were built by Alfred Brill, Jacob Himmelwright and Frederick Secrist with lumber milled by Brill. The church was constructed under the ministry of H. J. Richardson (1848–53).</p><br>
<p>The log church was moved from its original location in the south corner of the cemetery to a hill across the road from the brick church. It was used as a sexton&#39;s house for the church, and was a Sunday school classroom for about 30 years. In addition to religious instruction, the log building was a public schoolhouse. Future West Virginia governor Herman G. Kump and his brother, the judge Garnett Kerr Kump, received part of their primary education in the schoolhouse. By 1885, a Mr. Miller was teaching business principles at the school. The log building succumbed to the elements, and no longer exists.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>Peter Miller ministered to the congregation at Hebron Church four times, for a total of 25 years, between 1858 and 1918. Licensed in 1858 and ordained in 1860, Miller engaged in missionary work for rural congregants in the Capon and North River Parish of Hampshire and Hardy counties for 60 years. He established many of the areas Lutheran churches and, according to the North Carolina Synod of the Lutheran Church in America, was "an outstanding figure in this large, mountainous, thinly populated territory, who for sixty years almost continuously was recognized as everybodys pastor". By 1867, the church membership was 106, its largest congregation to date.</p><br>
<p>On October 13, 1879, a post office was established near Hebron Church to serve the adjacent community (then known as Mutton Run). In December 1884, the church roof caught fire from an adjacent flue, burning a hole through the sanctuary&#39;s ceiling which was soon repaired. On August 11–15, 1886, Hebron Church celebrated its centennial. During the celebration, Miller read a complete history of the German churches in the region. The centennial was reportedly the first of any Lutheran congregation in the southern United States.</p><br>
<p>The wrought-iron fence along the church driveway was installed in April 1895, replacing a picket fence. In 1905, the churchs wood roof was replaced with a metal one, the present stained-glass windows were installed, its interior and woodwork were painted, and new lamps were installed for better illumination. Alling also provided four hanging lamps and calcimine for the interior walls and paint for the interior woodwork. Anton Reymann of Wheeling, West Virginia funded the metal roof and the sanctuarys painting and decoration.</p><br>
<p>On June 11, 1915, the post office changed its name to Intermont (after the Intermountain Construction Company), operating until its closure on January 29, 1972.</p><br>
<p>In 1932, the church&#39;s piano was donated by George E. Brill of Baltimore. The new building, which hosted community gatherings, events and Sunday school, was built just south of the brick church at the edge of the cemetery (where the old log church was originally located). Walter A. Sigman (1960–65) was pastor when the community building was dedicated.</p><br>
<h3>Preservation</h3><br>
<p>In 2008, a survey of historic properties in the county was undertaken by the State Historic Preservation Office of the West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Following this survey, the Hampshire County Historic Landmarks Commission and the Hampshire County Commission began an initiative to place these identified structures and districts on the National Register of Historic Places. Preparation of the necessary documentation for Hebron Church, Frenchs Mill, Yellow Spring Mill, and the Nathaniel and Isaac Kuykendall House began in April 2013, when Governor Earl Ray Tomblin awarded $10,500 to the Hampshire County Commission. The cost of the commissions documentation of the history and significance of the four properties was $15,000, of which the county paid $4,500.</p><br>
<p>All four properties were accepted for the NRHP on December 16, 2014, with Hebron Church a unique local example of Greek Revival church architecture in the Potomac Highlands.</p><br>
<p>As of October 2015, the church&#39;s congregation is part of the Potomac Conference in the West Virginia-Western Maryland Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Ministered by David A. Twedt, Hebron Church has 22 baptized members, 19 confirmed members and an average attendance of six.</p><br>
<h3>Pastors</h3><br>
<p>Since the church&#39;s founding in 1786, the following pastors have ministered to the congregation at Hebron Church:</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>According to Sandra Scaffidi, Hebron Church&#39;s architecture exemplifies a "local interpretation" of the Greek Revival architectural style, which was popular at the time of its construction. With its simple wooden doors, returning eaves and symmetrical front gable design, Hebron Church is representative of a vernacular interpretation of Greek Revival architecture. Only one other church building in eastern Hampshire County, Timber Ridge Christian Church in High View, was built of brick.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The 1849 church is a small, one-and-a-half-story, front-gable building. The main façade (northwestern elevation) has two main entrances, enclosed by white-painted wood, recessed panel doors, and capped by white-painted stone lintels with two stone corner blocks. The church&#39;s exterior is brickwork, laid in Flemish bond on the main façade and a five-course American bond on the northeastern, southeastern and southwestern elevations. Although the church is now topped by a metal standing-seam roof, it was originally sheathed by wooden shakes.</p><br>
<p>On the churchs northeastern elevation there are three large, symmetrical stained-glass windows, each with a fixed upper sash and a lower hopper sash. Like the main façades doorways and windows, the sills, lintels and lintel corner blocks of the stained-glass windows are white-painted stone. Below the windows is an exposed coursed-stone foundation with five tie-rod masonry anchor plates. A small brick chimney is present on this elevation. The churchs southwestern elevation also has a coursed-stone foundation, with five tie-rod anchor plates, banked into the ground below three symmetrical stained-glass windows with fixed upper sashes and lower hopper sashes and encased with white-painted stone sills, lintels and lintel corner blocks. On this elevation are a small brick chimney in the roof slope and metal snowbirds along the roof line. Downspouts are located at the southern corners of the northeastern and southwestern elevations. The churchs southeastern (rear) elevation has an exposed coursed-stone foundation 4 ft high, due to its location on sloping ground. At the center of this elevation is a protruding, gabled brick extension for the interior altar, with symmetrical stained-glass windows on both sides. The gabled protrusion is capped by aluminum flashing. An 1895 wrought-iron fence encloses the property&#39;s northwestern perimeter, and a paved brick walkway provides pedestrian access from the driveway to the two main entrances.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The church interior has an open floor plan, with a sanctuary measuring 28 ft wide and 43 ft long. The floor plan is an open nave, with two aisles partitioning three sections of rectangular wooden pews. Although the pews had been painted white, they have been restored to their original wood finish. The sanctuary&#39;s interior walls are plaster, and the floors are sheathed in wide wooden planks. The nave is topped by a ceiling fabricated on tongue and groove wooden planks painted white. Three large stained-glass windows, framed by wooden molding and recessed approximately 6 in, are symmetrically located on the northeastern and southwestern walls. The lower portion of each window contains a memorial dedication, which opens into its lower hopper sash. On the northwestern side of the interior are the two main entry doors, which access an unadorned narthex. Two tapered-square pilasters support an upper gallery loft, possibly used by slaves during religious services. The gallery is fronted by a solid balustrade, accented with dentil molding and recessed wooden panels.</p><br>
<p>At the southeastern end of the sanctuary, the altar is atop a decagonal platform about 8 ft above the floor and accessible by a pair of four-step staircases. On the elevated platform is also a table holding a Bible. A recessed rectangular apse, flanked by a pair of fluted, engaged columns, is behind the altar. A painting of Jesus hangs in the center of the apse, with an American flag to its immediate north. An organ and a piano are north of the altar, with a baptismal font south of it. The altar platform and aisles are carpeted red. The sanctuary&#39;s northern and southern elevations exposed brick chimneys connected to gas heating units, which were installed around 1970. A brass chandelier with clear glass hurricane globes is suspended in the center of the sanctuary; on the northern and southern elevations, two brass electric lanterns are adjacent to the stained-glass windows.</p><br>
<p>The upper gallery on the northwestern side of the church is accessed by a twelve-step wooden spiral staircase, and has an unfinished wooden floor. Four wooden pews have white-painted sides and unfinished seats and rails. The gallerys ceiling height is about 6 ft at its tallest and about 5 ft at its shortest, due to the sloping wooden floor. Two stained-glass windows, which cannot be opened, are along the northwest wall. A small closet, accessible through a wooden door with two parallel vertical panels and original latch hardware, is at the base of the staircase. The churchs original plasterwork and a 10 in vertically cut wooden board, suggesting half-timbering, are visible in the closet.</p><br>
<h3>Community building</h3><br>
<p>The church&#39;s community building, a non-contributing structure within the historic boundary, is southwest of the church. The building is a venue for Sunday school classes and community gatherings. The front gable building, completed in 1961, is sheathed in brickwork. Similar to the church, the building is built into a gently sloping bank with its one-story elevation at grade facing west toward WV 259.</p><br>
<p>The buildings western façade has a central entryway with double doors, topped by a six-light transom and flanked by engaged pilasters. Its gable, sheathed in aluminum siding, incorporates a gabled pediment and the buildings perimeter is surrounded by a wide, flat frieze. The buildings southern elevation has wooden windows with 12-over-12 double-hung sashes on brick window sills. Its basement level has one entrance, flanked by wooden double-hung sash windows and four casement windows. The northeastern elevation has three stained-glass windows on the main level, with three wooden eight-over-eight double-hung sash windows; a single wooden six-over-six double-hung sash window is in the gable. The building is roofed with asphalt shingles, and a brick chimney is along the slope of the northern elevations roof line. Its northeastern elevation has five wooden 16-over-16 double-hung sash windows on the main level and four on the lower level, in addition to two wooden four-over-four sash windows.</p><br>
<h3>Graveyard</h3><br>
<p>Hebron Church is surrounded on three sides by a graveyard, consisting of about 700 granite, marble, slate and wooden headstones laid in semi-regular rows running northeast to southeast.</p><br>
<p>Skirwith Cave is a major resurgence solutional cave on Ingleborough in Chapel-le-Dale, North Yorkshire, England; it was a show cave between 1964 and 1974. It is no longer open to the public but is still visited by cavers. It lies within the designated Ingleborough Site of Special Scientific Interest.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The current entrance is through an opening in a small shakehole. This drops into a well-decorated rift passage, which was part of the former show cave. A levelled floor reaches a boulder choke which once had a flight of steps leading over it; this is now covered by a boulder collapse. The show cave terminated at a 5 m waterfall. Above this, a long, mainly low, wet passage reaches a sump after several hundred metres. This is the first of three short sumps separated by short sections of passage. The fourth sump has been dived for 24 m to an underwater boulder choke. The cave has no inlet passages in its 1,000 m length.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Skirwith Cave is a solutional cave formed in the lowest beds of the Visean Great Scar limestone from the Mississippian Series of the Carboniferous period, which here lies unconformably on impervious Ordovician rocks. The cave runs up dip NNE towards the valley of Crina Bottom, and drains the area around Boggarts Roaring Holes on the other side of the valley, although in times of flood it also takes water from overflow sinks in Crina Bottom itself. A fragment of the continuing passage has been entered from Lower Hardgill Pot, some 400 m away in Crina Bottom. The water resurges on the basal unconformity.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is thought that the cave was first entered by locals in 1934, and at least some of the upstream passages were further explored by members of the Yorkshire Ramblers&#39; Club in 1935. By 1947 the cave had been fully explored to the first sump. The sumps were explored in 1965 and 1966 by members of the Happy Wanderers Cave and Pothole Club.</p><br>
<p>The cave was opened as a show cave in 1964; it was always a smaller commercial operation than the nearby showcaves Ingleborough and White Scar, and more difficult of access for visitors. Blasting from the local quarry destabilized the roof and boulder piles, and the cave was closed in 1974. Little evidence remains above ground of its use as a show cave.</p><br>
<p>The Fernald Point Prehistoric Site is an archaeological site in Acadia National Park on Mount Desert Island on the central coast of Maine. The principal feature of the site is a shell midden, whose excavation has yielded both historic artifacts and evidence of human occupation to at least 1000 BCE. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Fernald Point is located in the town of Southwest Harbor, Maine, on the western shore of Somes Sound, the body of water that divides Mount Desert Island into two large lobes. The point marks the western side of The Narrows, a narrow point near the southernmost end of the sound. The site is on land now owned by the National Park Service as part of Acadia National Park.</p><br>
<p>The principal investigation of the site took place in 1977 under the auspices of Dr. David Sanger, an archaeologist from the University of Maine at Orono. Sanger describes this work as at least a partial salvage operation, as the site was being eroded due a long-term rise in sealevels in the area since the end of the last Ice Age; the site has since been protected by construction of a seawall. Major finds at the site including elements of at least two house sites (one of which was already significantly eroded), and eight human burials. One group of four graves was clearly placed with deliberation in the midden, a practice that is otherwise rare on the Maine coast.</p><br>
<p>Finds at the site suggest that it was occupied as early as 1000 BCE, although older radiocarbon dates (to 2000 BCE) were obtained. The period of heaviest occupation was between 1 CE and 1300 CE. In addition to large quantities of shells (mostly of soft-shell clams), the midden yielded up evidence of human consumption of a wide variety of mammals, birds and fish. Evidence of clay pottery is limited to fragmentary potsherds, although there were sufficient examples to trace changes in decoration and style.</p><br>
<p>The Fairbanks Exploration Company Dredge No. 2 is a historic gold mining dredge in a remote area of Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska, northeast of the city of Fairbanks. It is currently located on the north bank of Fish Creek, shortly northeast of the mouth of Slippery Creek. Its main structure is a compartmented steel hull, 128 ft long, 60 ft wide, and 12 ft high, with a 1-2 story superstructure above made of steel and wood framing sheathed in corrugated metal. It has three gantries, and a digging ladder 112 ft long at its bow that weights 178,000 lb. All of its original operating equipment was reported to be in place in 1999. The dredge was built in 1927 by the Bethlehem Steel Company, and assembled for use in Alaska in 1928. It was operated by the Fairbanks Exploration Company in the Goldstream Valley from 1928 to 1949, and on Fairbanks Creek and lower Fish Creek from 1950 to 1961.</p><br>
<p>The Hiwasse Bank Building is a historic commercial building in the rural community of Hiwasse, Arkansas. It is located on Arkansas Highway 279, a short way south of its junction with Arkansas Highway 72, abutting a similar but slightly newer commercial building. The building is a single-story brick building, with its front facade divided into three sections by iron stanchions. The left two bays have wood-frame windows in them, that on the right, the entrance flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a transom. Above these is a brick panel defined by a frame of corbelled brick. The interior has retained elements of its original pressed metal ceiling. Built c. 1890, it represents  the best of commercial architecture of that period in the small community.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Centenary Place is a heritage-listed park at 85 Wickham Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as Centenary Park. It was designed by Henry Moore. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 August 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Centenary Place was designed and constructed for the purpose of commemorating the centenary of European settlement in Queensland (1824-1924). Clearing of the land began in 1924 and the park was formed in 1925. It covers an area of 8,748 square metres and is bounded by Wickham Street, Ann Street and Gotha Street, Fortitude Valley. The park was one of the last civic projects undertaken by the former Brisbane City Council prior to the formation of the Greater Brisbane Council in 1925. The park has been in continual use by the public since its creation and was extensively refurbished in 1999/2000.</p><br>
<p>Celebrating the centenary of European settlement in Queensland was an important milestone in the state&#39;s history, an opportunity to demonstrate how far it had progressed in 100 years. From its beginnings as a penal colony, followed by the arrival of free settlers, separation from New South Wales, Federation and the First World War, Queensland had experienced many tumultuous events in its first 100 years worthy of commemoration and celebration. The creation of Centenary Place provided the public with a tangible means of doing this.</p><br>
<p>To advance the centenary celebrations, a Centenary Celebrations Committee was formed as was a Centenary Fund. Many fundraising events were held by the Centenary Celebrations Committee and all proceeds from these events were devoted to the Centenary Fund to go towards the provision of centenary memorials, including Centenary Place. Other commemorative memorials and events included the minting of commemorative medals, a statue of John Oxley, the founding of the John Oxley Library which included the purchase of some 6000 books and numerous tree planting ceremonies across Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The Catholic Church took great interest in the development of Centenary Place, sensing an opportunity to promote their vision of a new cathedral and envisaging the site as the forecourt for the proposed Holy Name Cathedral, a massive "Renaissance basilica" that was to occupy the block bounded by Gotha, Ann, Gipps and Wickham Streets. Although the park was designed by Henry Moore, the Parks Superintendent for Council, given the layout, which is still intact, includes a central path originally designed to lead to the proposed cathedral entrance, it is possible that Archbishop James Duhig and the cathedral architect, Jack Hennessy, junior contributed to the design.</p><br>
<p>The Council began clearing existing buildings from the site in 1924 and Centenary Place was formed in 1925. Other features were added at later dates with the drawings for the podium, archway and tramways office dated 1928. Centenary Place was designed by Moore who was also responsible for designing New Farm Park and Newstead Park. He employed a formal design with defined layouts, planted garden beds, grassed areas, low sandstone retaining walls and curved paths. The garden includes mature specimens of poinciana (Delonix regia), Canary Island date palms (Phoenix canariensis), Queen palms (Syagrus romanzoffiana), wine palms (Butia capitata) and fig trees including, weeping figs (Ficus benjamina) and white figs (Ficus virens). In 1947 Harry Oakman, the Council Parks & Gardens Director, planned additional garden beds along the walks in the fig and poinciana avenues. These proposals were largely in place by 1950.</p><br>
<p>The original design of the park specifically allocated space to accommodate a statue of Thomas Joseph Byrnes, a former Premier of Queensland. Byrnes was both the first Queensland-born premier and first Roman Catholic premier. The statue, by renowned sculptor, Sir Bertram Mackennal, is believed to be one of Brisbane&#39;s earliest and was originally erected at Petrie Bight, at the junction of Wickham and Boundary Streets in 1902. It was originally commissioned from sculptor Achille Simonetti, but he died without completing it. When the park was completed in 1925, the statue was moved from Petrie Bight to its new location. Another statue of Byrnes (the T J Byrnes Monument) was erected at Warwick.</p><br>
<p>A statue of the Scottish bard, Robert Burns, was proposed for Brisbane as early as 1888 when the President of the Burns Club, Alderman William McNaughton Galloway, contacted the President of the Queensland Scottish Association, Sir Thomas McIlwraith, to suggest their organisations combined forces and funds to commission the statue. However, the Scottish community had to wait many years before seeing their dream realised as it was not until 1929 that a statue of Robert Burns was commissioned by the Brisbane Caledonian Society and Burns Club and installed on a pedestal provided by the Council. Traditionally, statues of Robert Burns are placed so that the poets back is turned on the church. The statue of Burns in the park has been positioned in accordance to this tradition and had the Holy Name Cathedral been built, the poets back would have been turned on it. The statue of Burns has served as a focal point for gatherings and events, such as the Burns Night, for the Scottish community of Brisbane since its installation in the park.</p><br>
<p>From 1962 to the mid 1970s, Centenary Place was Brisbanes designated peoples forum or speakers corner. Sunday afternoons became a regular event in Brisbane with hundreds of people turning up to hear speakers holding forth on all manner of issues including speakers campaigning for Aboriginal rights in the 1960s and 1970s. After the peoples forum ceased at Centenary Place, the people of Brisbane had to wait until 1990 before a new location was officially made available by the Brisbane City Council at King George Square.</p><br>
<p>Over the years the park has undergone numerous changes. In 1938, a tram waiting shelter was built onto the Wickham Street side of the archway podium and tramways office. The park also featured two air raid shelters, one each on the Ann and Wickham Street frontages. Similar shelters (e.g. Albert Park (North) air raid shelter) were constructed at many inner city sites in the early 1940s as part of Queensland&#39;s wartime defences. In 1961, the Council prepared plans to convert the Wickham Street air raid shelter into a toilet block. These were evidently demolished by the time the Council planned the construction of a new toilet block in 1973. This entailed the demolition of the remaining air raid shelter on Ann Street. In 1977 the park was extended towards Wickham Street at the entry podium area and the edge trimmed around Gotha Street. The park underwent extensive refurbishment in 1999-2000 carried out by Belt Collins Landscape Architects which restored the original formality of the park.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Centenary Place is a teardrop-shaped park bounded by Ann, Wickham and Gotha Streets. The park falls gently from the corner of Ann and Gotha Streets and is bisected along its length by a processional path, starting with a ceremonial archway at the narrow southern end of the park. This path is the formal spine of the park, reinforced by avenues of trees with a series of monuments providing focal points along its length. At the park&#39;s centre is the statue of Thomas Joseph Byrnes, former Premier of Queensland. The statue occupies a large paved area formed by the convergence of the central path. Curved paths leading to the centre of the park from Ann and Wickham Streets are mirrored on either side of it.</p><br>
<p>Between Byrnes and the archway, the central path passes through a shaded avenue of mature fig trees and a monument to the Scottish poet Robert Burns. At the northern or Gotha Street end of the park, the central path accommodates a 1999 sundial sculpture commemorating the 75th anniversary of Centenary Place.</p><br>
<p>Grassed areas are delineated by formal paths, mulched garden beds, hedges and several regular lines of trees. These significant mature trees include poincianas (Delonix regia), weeping figs (Ficus benjamina), white figs (Ficus virens), Canary Island date palms (Phoenix canariensis), Queen palms (Syagrus romanzoffiana) and wine palms (Butia capitata). The overall visual effect is a well developed formal tropical landscape character.</p><br>
<p>Sandstone park signage walls have been erected on each of the Wickham and Ann Street frontages.</p><br>
<p>At the city or southern end of the park, a formal stone podium, incorporating stone steps and the arched gateway, leads into the central path. The gateway is formed by opposing Brisbane Tuff piers surmounted by a wrought iron archway.</p><br>
<p>The ironwork incorporates the lettering "Centenary Place" and supports for the spherical glass lanterns on each side. The podium forms the roof of what was variously a tramways cash office and lost property office, and is now an automated traffic signal control centre. Access to this basement area is provided by two steep, narrow concrete stairs bounded by Brisbane Tuff retaining walls. The stairs on the western or Wickham Street side are protected by a simple, compressed fibre cement canopy erected in 2000. The Brisbane Tuff loggia on the western side of the podium was erected as a tramway shelter in 1938.</p><br>
<p>The bronze figure of Robert Burns stands on a tapered dressed sandstone pedestal with a rusticated granite base and thistle- patterned cornice. Three faces of the plinth feature bronze bas- reliefs. The fourth face features the statue&#39;s inscription in applied bronze letters.</p><br>
<p>The Byrnes statue is also bronze and supported on a sandstone pedestal. When Centenary Place was constructed in 1924, the statue was moved to its present position in the park. The pedestal features an elaborate base and cornice. A carved sandstone wreath decorates the north and south faces of the pedestal. The west face features a worn inscription of Byrnes name and dates of birth and death. Mounted on the base of the statue is a small plaque bearing a brief description of Byrnes and the statue. This plaque incorrectly credits the sculptor of the statue as being "Sir Bertram Macenell". The statue was actually sculpted by renowned artist, "Sir Bertram Mackennal" and is noted as being Mackennals fiftieth sculpture.</p><br>
<p>The strength of the central path as an axial feature has been diminished by the loss of its relationship with the stone remnants of the Holy Name Cathedral site. Thus the northern end of the central path lacks the strong foci provided elsewhere by the archway and the two statues.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Centenary Place was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 August 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Centenary Place, established in 1925, is important as Brisbane City Councils principal contribution to the celebration of the 1924 centenary of European settlement in Queensland and Queenslands growth and development during this time from a penal colony to a state. It is also important as the site of a public forum or speaker&#39;s corner during the 1960s and 1970s when political activism was increasing and public speaking spaces were used to promote public awareness of both national and local issues. The increasing importance of open spaces in urban areas is also demonstrated through the changing land use of Centenary Place from urban development to parkland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Centenary Place has an uncommon structure built from Brisbane Tuff which displays both ceremonial and utilitarian functions by combining the formal commemorative steps and archway with a tramway office and passenger shelter.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Centenary Place has strong association with the works of horticulturalist and landscape gardener Henry Moore, who was the first Brisbane City Parks Superintendent (1912–1925). His design work in Brisbane includes New Farm Park and Newstead Park. It is also associated with Harry Oakman, Parks Superintendent for the Brisbane City Council (1948–1963), who was the first purpose-trained landscape architect to be employed by a government in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Centenary Place is aesthetically important for its formal stone stepped arched gateway with opposing piers with a wrought iron archway which leads into the processional pathway that extends through the park. The avenues of mature specimens of poinciana (Delonix regia), Canary Island date palms (Phoenix canariensis), Queen palms (Syagrus romanzoffiana), wine palms (Butia capitata) and fig trees including weeping figs (Ficus benjamina) and white figs (Ficus virens), provide a pleasant vista amongst its busy, commercial surrounds and make an important contribution to the landscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Centenary Place has a strong association with the Catholic community as evidenced by its selection as the forecourt for the proposed Holy Name Cathedral and placement of the statue of a prominent Catholic, former Queensland premier Thomas Joseph Byrnes. It also has strong association with the Scottish community as evidenced by their selection of the park to house the statue commissioned of Scottish bard Robert Burns and by their use of the park to hold events such as the Burns Night.</p><br>
<p>The Hahn is a 255.8 m-high basalt knoll in the district of Schwalm-Eder-Kreis, within the town of Edermünde-Holzhausen, in Hesse, Germany. Like many other basalt outcrops in the West Hesse Depression, it is the neck of an extinct Miocene volcano, the rest has been eroded.</p><br>
<p>A small medieval tower castle once stood on the hill.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The knoll is located directly north of the town centre of Holzhausen. For this reason the town is often known as Holzhausen am Hahn (engl. Holzhausen on the Hahn). The Pilgerbach stream flows around the southern edge of the Hahn. On the eastern side there is a football field. To the west, the Autobahn A49 passes by.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Tower</h2><br>
<p>Count Werner IV von Grüningen (1060-1121),</p><br>
<p>who founded the Benedictine Monastery of Breitenau near Guxhagen in 1113,</p><br>
<p>built a tower castle around 1100 on the Hahn. The castle is first mentioned in documents in 1111.</p><br>
<p>It probably consisted of a tower castle on top of the hill, with further fortification on the lower plateau.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were probably destroyed before 1294 and fell down after 1346. The ruins of the castle were still mentioned in the 16th Century, and at the beginning of the 19th Century, when material was removed for paths and roads, masonry stones and mortar, as well as human remains were found. All traces of the castle have now been removed.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>In the 1980s, a rock- and pop-festival was organised in Holzhausen called Rock-am-Hahn. It featured rock bands such as the Rodgau Monotones, Opus, Wolfgang Ambros and Klaus Lage.</p><br>
<p>This festival was revived in 2006 by the local youth organisations. Its primary objective is to promote up-and-coming bands.</p><br>
<h2>Other Facts</h2><br>
<p>On the hill there are ca. two hectares of forest, the basalt cliffs and the south-eastern flank are not forested. The plateau is designated a protected nature area. In 1999 and 2000 the citizens of Holzhausen remediated the path to the top of the hill. From here a good view of Holzhausen and the surrounding area can be seen.</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Lawrence House & Garden is a historic home and garden located at Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. It was built in 1948-1949, and is a small 1 1/2-story, five bay, Colonial Revival style frame dwelling. The house is set on landscaped grounds designed and laid out in 1949-1950. It includes paths, beds, and borders. It was the home of Elizabeth Lawrence , American garden writer and the first woman graduate in landscape architecture from  North Carolina State University.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Lawrence moved away from the property in 1984. In 1986, Mary Elizabeth "Lindie" Wilson purchased the property, and immediately started resurrecting the garden, which had fallen into disrepair. Lindie Wilson&#39;s incredible stewardship for the next 23 years ensured the survival of a significant number of plants original to Elizabeth Lawrence - most still thrive in the garden to this day. During her ownership, Lindie Wilson engaged the help of many regional and national experts to figure out the best way to preserve the property, out of which was born the Friends of Elizabeth Lawrence. The Friends worked tirelessly to help Lindie place a conservation easement on the property and negotiate the terms of sale of the property to the Wing Haven Foundation in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Elizabeth Lawrence House & Garden is open to the public as a historic and cultural resource. It is owned and operated by the Wing Haven Foundation, and managed in a partnership with The Garden Conservancy, which holds the conservation easement on the property.</p><br>
<p>The First National Bank of Houlton is a historic bank building on Market Square in the center of Houlton, Maine. Built in 1907, it is an excellent local example of a neo-Greek Revival commercial building. It was one of the last commissions completed by Lewiston architect George M. Coombs. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The First National Bank of Houlton building is set in a row of otherwise brick buildings on the north side of Market Square, the heart of Houlton&#39;s central business district. Sharing party walls with the neighboring buildings, it has a granite facade, prominently distinguished by a pair of pilasters at the corners, and a pair of Doric columns in the center. These support a lintel with an overhanging bracketed cornice, which is topped by four equidistant blocks separated by balustrades with metal balusters. The facade behind the columns is organized into three bays, the left two having windows with decorative metal elements between the first and second levels. The entrance is in the rightmost bay, also topped by decorative metalwork. It also has a sheltering arched marquee in which decorative metalwork detailing is repeated.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by Lewiston architect George M. Coombs and completed in 1907. It was one of Coombs&#39; last commissions (he died in 1909), and forms a significant and dignified part of the late-19th-century commercial landscape of Market Square.</p><br>
<p>Duivelsberg  is a hill and nature reserve in the municipality of Berg en Dal in the Dutch province of Gelderland, near the border with Germany . It is politically significant, however, because Duivelsberg is the only part of the Netherlands that was both annexed from Germany and retained after World War II.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The 75.9 m hill is located on a moraine east of Nijmegen, between Berg en Dal, Beek and the Dutch-German border. The nature reserve covers about 125 ha and is predominantly covered with deciduous trees, especially chestnut. It is managed by the Staatsbosbeheer, the Dutch Forestry Commission.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the Middle Ages Mergelp castle stood on the hill. In September 1944 airborne troops of the USA 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment fought to capture the Duivelsberg, "Hill 75.9", during Operation Market Garden.</p><br>
<p>Until 1949 the hill was part of the nearby German village of Wyler in the municipality of Kranenburg. Duivelsberg&#39;s German name, Wylerberg, is derived from the name of this village. Duivelsberg was one of the many small areas the Netherlands annexed from Germany on April 23, 1949. Unlike the other areas, Duivelsberg was not returned to the German authorities on August 1, 1963 and remained Dutch territory. The politician Marinus van der Goes van Naters, who lived in nearby Nijmegen during the negotiations with Germany successfully urged that the nature reserve be kept Dutch.</p><br>
<p>The Duivelsberg was inherited in 1906 by Marie Schuster-Hiby who, between 1921 and 1924, built an expressionist villa designed by the German architect Otto Bartning. In 1965 the Schuster-Hiby family sold the villa to the Dutch State. Since 1985 the Huis Wylerberg has been a nationally protected building in which conservation organizations are located.</p><br>
<p>Haus wylerberg.JPGHuis Wylerberg</p><br>
<p>Beek-Ubbergen-Duivelsberg (2).JPGCastle Hill</p><br>
<p>Beek-Ubbergen-Duivelsberg (4).JPGView from the hilltop with Germany in background</p><br>
<p>Hirst-Mathew Hall is a historic school building in Bruno, Arkansas. It is located in a complex included several other school buildings south of Arkansas Highway 235, between County Roads 5008 and 5010. It is a single-story stone structure, with a gable-on-hip roof that has exposed rafter ends in the Craftsman style. The main  facade has a centered gable-roof porch supported by four columns set on a raised concrete base. The east facade has 14 windows, placed asymmetrically in groups of 6, 3 and 5. The west facade has 12 windows in two groups of 6. It was built in 1929 as part of the Bruno Agricultural School, and originally housed classrooms. When it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992, it was in use as a textile factory.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Fortitude Valley Methodist Church and Hall are a heritage-listed former church and its hall  at 116-120 Brookes Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The first church  was designed by James Cowlishaw and built from 1870 to 1871 by Thomas Reading. The third church was designed by George Simkin and built from 1887 to 1888 by Blair Cunningham. They are also known as Fortitude Valley Wesleyan Church & Church Hall, Gregory Place, Gregory Hall, and Epworth Centre. They were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Fortitude Valley Wesleyan Church and Church Hall were erected in 1887-88 and 1870-71 respectively, on a site in Ann Street granted to the Wesleyan Church by the Crown in 1861. The site fronted what was then known as the Eagle Farm Road (later Ann Street), and included allotments for a church, school and parsonage.</p><br>
<p>The first Fortitude Valley Wesleyan Church had been erected on another site in Ann Street in 1856. At that time, Fortitude Valley was part of the Brisbane Circuit.</p><br>
<p>In 1867, the Brisbane Circuit was divided into two: the Valley and Albert Street. The new Valley Circuit was a large one, embracing Eagle Farm, Nundah and Sandgate, and was centred on the small Ann Street church.</p><br>
<p>In 1870-71, a larger church, which could seat 400 persons, was built on the 1861 land grant, fronting Ann Street. It was the first church to be erected in the new Valley Circuit. The foundation stone was laid on 31 October 1870, and the opening service was held on 26 March 1871. It was designed by Brisbane architect James Cowlishaw and erected by contractor Thomas Reading at a cost of approximately £1,050. At the time, the brick building with its slate roof was one of the most substantial churches in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Also in 1871, a small timber parsonage was constructed at the rear of the church. This building was replaced in 1885 by a larger parsonage, Epworth, at 53 Brookes Street. The original parsonage is no longer extant.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s, the Valley developed as a major retail and residential centre, and Brisbane&#39;s northern suburbs expanded as the large estates of the 1860s and 1870s were subdivided. The Valley Wesleyan congregation expanded also, and the decision was taken in 1886 to erect a larger church adjacent to the 1870-71 building, but facing Brookes Street, on the same land grant. The new church was designed by Brisbane architect George Simkin in 1887 and constructed by contractor Blair Cunningham in 1887-88. The final cost of the building, including furniture and fittings, was £4,941. The foundation stone was laid on 20 August 1887, and the opening service was held on 13 January 1889.</p><br>
<p>The stained glass windows were imported from Munich. The organ, now removed, was commenced in Brisbane by Edward Wauldron in 1887 and completed by Thomas Christmas in 1889. Christmas, who arrived in Brisbane from Melbourne in 1877, was a musical instrument dealer and piano and organ builder, and is credited with having constructed most of the locally-made organs in Queensland by 1888.</p><br>
<p>The vestries were part of in the initial design, but appear to have been added at a later date. The glass windows in these rooms were supplied by Exton & Gough of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>After the new church was built, the old church was used as the church hall.</p><br>
<p>The new Valley Wesleyan Church enhanced the status of Methodism in Brisbane. For a short time prior to the new Albert Street Wesleyan Church (Albert Street Uniting Church), erected in 1888-89, gaining prominence, the new Valley church was the leading Wesleyan church in the city.</p><br>
<p>The Valley Wesleyan Church has been described as a "Mother of Churches". From here, many Northern Brisbane suburban churches were opened, from Windsor to North Pine and Sandgate, which ultimately became centres of new circuits.</p><br>
<p>Following the 1898 unification of Queensland&#39;s various Methodist groups - Wesleyans, Primitive Methodists, Bible Christians, and United Free Methodists - the Brookes Street church became known as the Fortitude Valley Methodist Church.</p><br>
<p>Following the establishment of the Uniting Church in 1977, the Fortitude Valley Methodist Church and Church Hall were closed, with the final service, revoking their status as sacred buildings, conducted on 27 February 1977. The secular buildings were renamed the Epworth Centre; the former church was leased to the TN! Theatre Company to use for performances with the Valley Child Care Centre operating from the hall. In 1985 the buildings were sold to the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia Queensland Incorporated, and renamed Gregory Place and Gregory Hall, in honour of former Queensland explorer and surveyor-general, Sir Augustus Charles Gregory. Both buildings were refurbished as offices, with the headquarters of the Royal Geographical Society located in the 1871 building (Gregory Hall). Later, the Royal Geographical Society relocated to Milton. In 2015, the church is occupied by a furniture company.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Fortitude Valley Methodist Church (1888) and Hall (1871) are two Gothic-influenced red-brick and cement-render former churches. The buildings sit at right angles to each other; Gregory Place fronts Brookes Street, while Gregory Hall runs parallel to the street. The buildings are complementary in form, detail and materials, although the 1888 church is more elaborately ornamented. The buildings sit within and contribute to both a late nineteenth century streetscape and a precinct of Gothic influenced church buildings.</p><br>
<p>The modest 1871 building is a simple hall with buttressed brick walls and a steeply pitched corrugated iron roof. It has single triangular head lancet windows between buttresses to the side walls. The south-eastern elevation, formerly the "front" elevation to Ann Street, has a central pointed arch entrance, flanked by paired lancets, with a group of three lancets to the pinnacle of the gable. The north-western elevation has two pointed arched entrances and a group of three lancets.</p><br>
<p>The ornamentation of openings and wall surfaces is also modest but fine: the windows have slightly projecting corbelled triangular heads; the end gables have brick pointed arch courses above the grouped windows; the windows sills, buttress copings and plinth are picked out in cement render, and diagonal brick end courses decorate the sills, cornice and plinth.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the 1871 building is painted brick, spanned by timber hammerbeam trusses landing on impost blocks. The ceiling is timber-lined with exposed rafters, and is finished with a band of diagonally laid brick ends. The windows are diamond-glazed. The refurbishment of the interior has included an extensive timber mezzanine, with beams which abut existing walls, exposed air conditioning ducts, new toilets and a kitchen.</p><br>
<p>The 1888 building is also essentially a simple hall, embellished with parapeted gables with turrets at the ends, and rich decoration of openings and wall surfaces. It has a steeply pitched concrete tiled roof, with an octagonal spire springing from the ridge. A gabled annex is attached to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The building has buttressed walls, pointed arched tracery windows, and rosette windows to the gable ends. The street elevation has a recessed entry with floriated colonnettes surmounted by a large tracery window and small lancet windows. The building is decorated with white cement render to copings, cornices and window surrounds; it also has stone hood mouldings, beige brick voussoirs, a dado with quatrefoil motifs and a rendered plinth. The gables and turrets to the Brookes Street end are topped with small finials.</p><br>
<p>The 1888 building has a rendered masonry interior, with an organ recess and vestry to the north-eastern end, and a timber panelled entry vestibule at the south-western end. The latter contains a timber World War I Honour Roll, and is flanked by timber stairs leading to a timber choir loft supported by two floriated colonnettes. The roof is supported by timber hammerbeam trusses with a king post landing on floriated imposts, and has a diagonally-timbered ceiling with exposed purlins and triangular vents, which is finished with a deep plaster cornice. The two gables to the side elevations are expressed in the ceiling over the choir loft, and a horizontal timber panel with a carved rose covers the base of the spire. The organ recess has a stencilled, half-domed ceiling with a rich moulding to its reveal, and is framed with floriated colonettes.</p><br>
<p>The windows are mostly richly patterned stained glass, including two-light tracery windows lining the east and west walls, a larger four-light window over the choir loft, and rosettes to the side gables and above the organ recess. The internal refurbishment is similar to that of the 1870 building, and has included an extensive timber mezzanine with beams which abut existing walls, exposed air conditioning ducts, new toilets and a kitchen in the vestry area, and additional partitioning for offices.</p><br>
<p>Externally, the two buildings are unusually complementary in form, materials and details, the later building being a richer elaboration of the modest but fine earlier building. The 1871 building contains some fine, simple timber and brick detailing, while the 1888 interior comprises more lavish plaster and carved timber decoration. Much of the buildings remain intact in form and detail. The spatial quality of the interiors, however, has been substantially altered by the installation of the mezzanine, air conditioning ducts and new partitioning.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Fortitude Valley Methodist Church and Hall were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The church and hall are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, providing evidence of the development and growth of the Wesleyan Church in Brisbane and as one of a group of substantial churches built in Fortitude Valley in the 1870s and 1880s, reflecting the residential growth of the Valley and adjacent suburbs in the last quarter of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The 1888 building demonstrates the principal characteristics of a substantial, ornate, brick church of the late 1880s, in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The buildings exhibit aesthetic characteristics which are valued by the community, in particular; their aesthetic cohesion due to their complementary scale, form, detail and materials, their contribution to both the Brookes Street townscape and the precinct of Gothic-influenced church buildings which includes the Holy Trinity Church and Rectory, the modest but fine quality of the detailing of the 1871 building and the fine and elaborate quality of the crafted elements of the 1888 building, in particular the stained glass windows and ornaments to the buildings fabric in timber, stone and plaster.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The church and hall have a special association as the "Mother Church" from which most of the North Brisbane Methodist churches, from Windsor to Sandgate and North Pine, devolved.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The church and hall have a special association with the work of the Methodist Church, in particular that of the Wesleyan Church, in Brisbane from 1870 to 1977 and with Brisbane architects James Cowlishaw and George Simkin, being examples of their ecclesiastical work.</p><br>
<p>Royal George Hotel and Ruddles Building is a heritage-listed hotel at 323-335 Brunswick Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1960s. It is also known as Bush & Commercial Inn, Commercial Inn, Freemasons Arms, and Ruddles Corner. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 August 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Royal George Hotel and Ruddles building are located on the strategic intersection of Ann and Brunswick Streets (now Brunswick Street Mall), Fortitude Valley. A hotel is known to have existed on this site since 1850. The three storey brick Royal George Hotel contains an early (possibly as early as 1850) two storey core to which several major stages of works have been undertaken. In 1886 major additions transformed the hotel into a late Victorian building; by 1924 a third floor had been added; works undertaken in the 1960s (the current manifestation of the hotel) stripped much of this Victorian decoration from the building. The adjoining two storey brick Ruddles building was erected in 1901 by William Ruddle whose family operated the Royal George for some 60 years. The building was designed by Brisbane architect Robin Dods to complement the hotel (as it then was) and to accommodate a number of different tenancies including the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney. Together the two buildings form what was known as Ruddle&#39;s corner.</p><br>
<p>The site originally comprised part of Eastern Suburban Allotment 71 alienated in 1850 by James Gibbon. In that same year some 54 perches of ESA 71 was acquired by William Sam Sutton, licensee of the Bush and Commercial Inn at Kangaroo Point. In December of that year Sutton was granted permission to transfer his publicans license to his new premises also known as the Bush and Commercial Inn (also known as the Commercial Inn), the forebear of the Royal George. Suttons hotel was one of only a dozen or so licensed premises in Brisbane at this time including one other in Fortitude Valley, Jeremiah Scanlin&#39;s the Strangers Home located diagonally opposite the Commercial Inn.</p><br>
<p>The two inns were well situated on a strategic intersection of what were then known as the roads to (the former penal establishments of) Eagle Farm and New Farm. In addition to passing trade they serviced the fledgling settlement of Fortitude Valley, established in 1849 as a temporary village by some 256 immigrants privately sponsored by John Dunmore Lang, in response to the refusal of government assistance upon their arrival at Moreton Bay. By 1851 however, the Commercial Inn was no longer licensed and Sutton was in financial trouble; his property being offered for sale by the Sheriff in execution of a judgment obtained by Brisbane businessman John Richardson. The Sheriffs advertisement provides the first description of the earliest known hotel on the site; Suttons Commercial Inn being described as "a large brick Building - one portion carried up one story, and the corner portion roofed in and occupied as a Public-house... There is also an excellent detached Brick Kitchen, Sleeping Rooms, and Stables, securely fenced in with a high Fence".</p><br>
<p>Based on a combination of evidence (including the Sheriff&#39;s advertisement, a later photograph of the hotel, and 1960s floor plans) it is believed that the hotel at this stage comprised a two-storey brick section with slate roof and cantilevered verandah fronting Ann Street with a single storeyed brick wing wrapping around the corner of Ann and Brunswick Street (the distinctive chamfered section) attached to the northern end of the Ann Street section.</p><br>
<p>The property was not apparently sold at this time but instead passed to Sutton&#39;s creditor, John Richardson. In addition to his business interests, Richardson was the local representative in the New South Wales Legislative Council and a supporter of both John Dunmore Lang and separation. It is not known whether Richardson resided at the property although all buildings were apparently occupied (albeit the Commercial Inn was no longer licensed). In 1853 Richardson advertised the property for sale in two lots, the first lot containing the hotel described as "a corner two-story House, two Cottages, and two Brick Houses in an unfinished state. The House contains two sitting rooms, kitchen, and three bed rooms, and is well adapted for a Public House or Store. The Cottages are plastered and comfortably finished; the whole substantially enclosed, and all occupied". The properties were described as "well worth the attention of all who either require a house of their own or a good investment for their money, as they will be sold fifty per cent, under what they could now be built for".</p><br>
<p>In October the Moreton Bay Courier reported that the unfinished brick building at Fortitude Valley, formerly in the occupation of Mr Sutton, has been sold by Mr Richardson, the proprietor for £600, and will be opened as an Hotel. The property described as subdivisions 2, 3, and 4 of block 3 and sub 1 of block 6 of ESA 71 was acquired by William John Loudon (sometimes called London) who established the Freemasons Arms (also known as the Freemasons Hotel) on the site, obtaining a license in April 1854 becoming the only licensed premises in the Valley, the nearby Strangers Home Inn losing its license in that year.</p><br>
<p>By 1854, only five years after the arrival of the immigrants of the Fortitude, the (Fortitude) Valley was a thriving village exhibiting the most visible changes in Brisbane: there was a "good brick inn" (Loudon&#39;s Freemasons Hotel) in the main street and a constable to keep order; North Brisbane and Fortitude Valley were almost joined with perhaps a kilometre of vacant land between the buildings of the two communities; the land through to Breakfast Creek was opening up; and Fortitude Valley became part of the suburban spread with the subdivision and sale of the early large allotments.</p><br>
<p>Given that the hotel building was described on its sale to Loudon as unfinished, it is believed he must have undertaken some building works at this time, possibly adding a second storey to the corner section. During 1854 regular horse and cattle sales were held at the hotel which was apparently considered convenient for its abundant stabling, yards, and excellent paddocks close at hand for the reception of stock previous to day of sale without any extra charge. Loudon remained as licensee of the Freemasons Hotel (renamed the Lamb Inn in 1857) until 1859 although in 1858 the premises (including the hotel and 3 cottages) were sold to Jeremiah Daly. In 1860 George Challenger became licensee and in the following year John Harvey who remained until the hotel license was taken up in 1863 by George Dickens, who had acquired the hotel in 1861. It is Dickens who is believed to have changed the name of the hotel to the Royal George (in 1863). Apparently on account of ill health, Dickens advertises the hotel for let in July 1864:</p><br>
<p>"THE ROYAL GEORGE HOTEL fronting Ann and Brunswick Streets Fortitude Valley. Comprising 18 rooms, out houses, good stabling, spacious yard, and capital cellar. The above is a corner allotment fronting Ann Street being the main road to Breakfast Creek, Eagle Farm, German Station, Bald Hills, Sandgate, and Pine River with a frontage to Brunswick Street leading to Bowen Bridge, Kedron Brook & c. The House is an old established one, and doing a good business, and the proprietor&#39;s reason for relinquishing business is on account of ill health in his family..."</p><br>
<p>A new licensee was not apparently found until the following year when the license was transferred to Henry Penfold and in 1866 to Michael Daly and in the same year back to Dickens (until 1868). In 1868 the property was conveyed to Dickens&#39; mortgagee, the Anglican Bishop of Brisbane. A Sam Loudon (also written as London) is listed as licensee from 1869-70 when Henry Farley assumes the license until 1872. 1872 is to mark the beginning of a more stable proprietorship of the Royal George. In that year William Ruddle leases the hotel from the Anglican Church (officially the Corporation of the Synod of the Diocese of Brisbane) who owned in addition to the Royal George several other blocks of land on this part of Brunswick Street. A photo taken during this time (between 1872 and 1886) shows the Royal George hotel much as it is believed to have existed in the 1850s. By this time a second storey had been added to the chamfered corner section; an adjoining single story building on Brunswick Street also formed part of the hotel site.</p><br>
<p>In 1885 Ruddle purchased the hotel with a mortgage back to the Anglican church of £3,000. The 30.5 perches of land included the site (to the west of the Royal George) on which the Ruddles building was later to be erected. In the following year major alterations and additions were undertaken to the hotel, the first of two stages of work which transformed the building into a late Victorian hotel, a form the Royal George would take until the 1960s. This transformation was the work of prominent architect Francis Drummond Greville Stanley. Stanley (1839-1897) emigrated from Scotland to Queensland in 1861 joining the Office of the Queensland Colonial Architect in 1863 becoming Superintendent of Roads and Buildings (later called Colonial Architect) from 1872-1881. Queenslands longest serving Colonial Architect, his work included the Brisbanes Supreme Court (1874–79) and the General Post Office (1871-2). Described as the best known of all Queenslands early architects because of the quality, diversity, and extent of his work, his private clients included several banks including the Queensland National Bank (for whom Stanley designed their headquarters in Queen Street (1880–85)) and the Anglican Church. His hotel work included:</p><br>
<p>The Grands in Maryborough (1884-5) and Bundaberg (1885-6)</p><br>
<p>Transcontinental Hotel in George Street, Brisbane (1884)</p><br>
<p>Lennon&#39;s Hotel, George Street, Brisane (1883-5) (demolished)</p><br>
<p>Clarence Hotel at Clarence Corner, Woolloongabba (1888-9)</p><br>
<p>A contemporary report describes Stanley&#39;s additions as including taking off the roof of the present building and raising it 4 feet, extending the hotel further along Brunswick Street, making a large cellar underneath, and the addition of cast iron verandahs to the Ann and Brunswick Street elevations. Internally there were new bedrooms, parlours, bar, large dining room, kitchen and offices.</p><br>
<p>The new Royal George was part of a 1880s hotel boom in the Valley including the nearby Empire Hotel, Prince Consort Hotel, Wickham Hotel, and Jubilee Hotel, all built between 1885 and 1888. Each was a substantial building located on a prominent site, designed to be conspicuous and offering extensive accommodation and the most modern facilities. Significantly each was funded by a Valley businessman investing in the local community. Such buildings (albeit the Royal George in a somewhat more modest way) reflected the optimism and bravado of the booming Queensland economy of the 1880s, a period of unprecedented economic growth when Brisbane was virtually rebuilt as a prosperous late 19th century Victorian era city, an image sustained until well after the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>Despite a downturn in the Queensland economy in the 1890s the Valley continued to develop, led by the large retailers TC Beirne and James McWhirter, who both established stores on Brunswick Street in the 1890s which quickly grew to become large department stores and further fuelled by the developing Brisbane tram network in which the Valley was a central node. By the turn of the century the Valley was established as the second major commercial district of the city supplanting South Brisbane and the Woolloongabba Fiveways.</p><br>
<p>For several years after the completion of the additions (until ) the Royal George was leased to Thomas Proe, then Perkins & Co, and back again to Proe. Apart from that period the hotel remained under the proprietorship of the Ruddle family until 1936. Against the backdrop of a flourishing Fortitude Valley, William Ruddle expanded his enterprise. In 1901 he purchased the adjoining block on Ann Street from Samuel Cohen. An 1898 plan shows two double storeyed brick buildings on the site; one facing Ann Street at the southern end of the site and the other adjoining the Royal George. Based on later (1960s) floorplans this adjoining building may in fact have been two buildings already joined. This was later to be incorporated as part of the Royal George.</p><br>
<p>In the same year (1901) Ruddle mortgaged his hotel block to the church for £10,000 apparently to finance the erection of the Ruddles building; Hall & Dods called for tenders for the erection of 3 shops banking premises and additions etc. Robin Dods (1868-1920) had a highly developed architectural imagination; his introduction of the formal and philosophical ideas of both the British Arts and Crafts movement and Edwardian classicism and his significant functional solutions to the problems of living and building in Queensland combined to achieve an architectural revolution in Brisbane. The two storeyed Ruddles building situated between the Royal George and the TC Beirne Department Store (for whom Hall & Dods carried out several large commissions including substantial works to the Valley store) comprised several different tenancies whose presence was variously articulated in the form and decoration of the building. The western portion of building was designed and used as premises for the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney (previously the tenants of TC Beirne the bank in the building until 1942 when they moved to their new premises on the opposite side of Brunswick Street). The ground floor portion housed the banking chamber; the first floor with its recessed loggia overlooking Brunswick Street (illustrative of Dods interest in climatic adaptations) may have provided accommodation for the manager. The portion adjoining the hotel housed several commercial tenancies initially including a jeweller, a ham and beef store and a dentist. Above the stores was a photographers studio occupied by William Ruddle&#39;s son, Roland until 1930/31.</p><br>
<p>In 1902 William Ruddles son, Ernest became the licensee. During his proprietorship a number of changes were made. By 1914 part of the adjoining Ann Street building (purchased by William Ruddle in 1901) had been incorporated as part of the hotel. By 1924 the second stage of the Victorian manifestation of the hotel had occurred with the addition of a third floor containing guest accommodation. This work involved the replacement of the semi-circular pediments by triangular pediments (echoing the eastern pediment on Ruddles building) and included the addition of a third floor to the adjoining Ann Street building (or buildings) with verandahs at the two upper levels and pediment detailing continued from the hotel building to complete the visual incorporation of the building with the Royal George. An advertisement in the Brisbane Centenary Official Historical Souvenir (1924) proclaims the Royal George as "One of Brisbane&#39;s Oldest Establishments" (evidenced by a photograph dated 1854 to 1886 showing the early brick hotel) but also as "A First-class New and Up-to-date Modern Hotel" (illustrated by a contemporary photograph of the three story Victorian hotel; dated 1886 to 1923).</p><br>
<p>Following the death of William Ruddle in 1919, the hotel and Ruddle&#39;s Building passed in trust to his two sons Ernest and Roland. In 1927 the properties were acquired by Ernest Ruddle. In that same year internal alterations were undertaken by architects GHM Addison and Son and builders FJ Corbett and Sons. The modern hotel was described by the Architecture and Building Journal of Queensland although none of the work described appears to have survived:</p><br>
<p>The public bar is unique as far as Queensland is concerned having two island bars in the one room. These bars are both built of marble as are also the floors, and as the walls are tiled, the whole of the bar can be hosed out when required. Special attention has been given throughout to the fittings, which are of Queensland silky oak</p><br>
<p>In 1936, the Telegraph trumpeted the sale of the hotel to brewers Castlemaine Perkins: "HISTORIC ROYAL GEORGE HOTEL IN VALLEY SOLD AT A RECORD PRICE". This was to mark the end of a 60-year association by the Ruddle family.</p><br>
<p>Work undertaken during this period included prior to 1949 a cantilevered awning being installed to the former bank section of Ruddles building. By 1951 other changes to the Ruddles building included the removal of various ancillary structures to the rear of the building, the erection of toilets at ground level to the rear of what was now the former bank section, and additions to the rear of the eastern end of the Ruddles building. In 1961 drawings for the second major transformation of the Royal George were prepared by architect HS McDonald. The works costing £100,000 were undertaken by contractor Frederick Allan Pidgeon. They involved the removal of the Victorian verandahs; the conversion of some French doors to windows, the removal of the entry from the chamfered corner, and the incorporation of part of the ground floor of Ruddles building into the hotel.</p><br>
<p>In 1986 the properties were acquired by Quetel Pty Ltd (later Royal George Hotel Holdings). More recent 1990s changes have followed on the formation of the Brunswick Street mall which saw the construction of a raised platform across the former footpath outside the hotel and part of Ruddles building and the removal of walls on the ground floor of Ruddles building. Both the Royal George Hotel and Ruddles building continue as active parts of the social fabric of the Valley: the Royal George accommodating both pub patrons and residents; Ruddles building currently houses a bar and live music venue in the former bank and a cafe and two bars in the other section.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Royal George Hotel is located on the western corner of Brunswick and Ann Streets, opposite the Empire Hotel on the southern corner. Ruddle&#39;s Building adjoins the Royal George Hotel to the northwest, and also adjoins the former TC Beirne Department Store to the southeast.</p><br>
<h3>Royal George Hotel</h3><br>
<p>The Royal George Hotel is a three-storeyed rendered masonry structure with a corrugated iron hipped roof concealed behind a parapet. The street corner of the building is chamfered, and the core of the building consists of the c.1850 section but essentially what is presented is a 1960s make-over of the Victorian hotel. It is believed that the surviving elements of the c.1850 core consist of the relative sections of exterior walls, chamfered corner, door/window openings, and some internal structural walls.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor has an awning to both Ann and Brunswick Streets. The awning is supported by metal tie rods fixed to the face of the building at the first floor window head height. The first and second floors have predominantly regularly spaced aluminium-framed hopper windows to the Ann Street elevation, and aluminium framed French doors with metal balustrades to the Brunswick Street elevation, with continuous cantilevered metal awnings. The ground floor has predominantly regularly spaced aluminium-framed door and window units accessing the public bar and lounge along the Ann Street elevation, and the main entrance which accesses the first and second floor accommodation fronts onto Brunswick Street. The ground floor walls are finished with ceramic tiles, and the Ann Street elevation has the name ROYAL GEORGE HOTEL in relief below the second floor windows.</p><br>
<p>The southwest end of the Ann Street elevation comprises a visually distinct section of the hotel, which was constructed prior to 1898 as a separate building (or buildings) and was amalgamated into the hotel during the addition of the second floor and verandahs by 1924. Whilst the external treatment of this section is similar to the main section of the Royal George Hotel, it is distinguished by a slightly recessed elevation, changes in floor levels and a stepped street awning. The first and second floors have aluminium framed sliding glass door and window units, with continuous metal balustrades and cantilevered awnings. The southwest end elevation has timber-framed sash windows to the second floor, and a number of non-original openings have been introduced to the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the building has a series of metal fire escape stairs, and most of the windows have been replaced with metal-framed units. The rear of the site consists mainly of a service area with access via a driveway from Ann Street on the southwest side.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has a public bar on the ground floor fronting Ann Street, with a lounge at the southwest end. A lobby entrance fronts Brunswick Street, with a lift and main stair accessing the first and second floor accommodation. A second bar, located at the northwest end of the Brunswick Street elevation, opens into the southern tenancy of the adjoining Ruddles Building and onto a timber deck constructed over the footpath. Toilets and service areas are located at the rear. A central stair accesses a basement to the corner section of the hotel which is connected to the basement areas of Ruddles Building to the northwest. The basement contains evidence of the original structure, particularly the structural walls.</p><br>
<p>The first and second floors comprise hotel rooms opening off a central corridor, with communal facilities at the rear, and a smoking lobby facing Brunswick Street. Original transverse structural walls survive at the first floor level, as well as the external walls fronting Ann Street. The southwest section has a higher floor level, and the hotel rooms in this section each have bathroom en suite. The northwest end of the first floor level also has hotel rooms with bathroom en suites, and the central corridor opens through to the first floor level of Ruddle&#39;s Building adjacent.</p><br>
<h3>Ruddle's Building</h3><br>
<p>Ruddle&#39;s Building is a two-storeyed rendered masonry structure with three parallel corrugated iron hipped roof sections concealed behind a parapet. The northwest hipped roof has a small non-original clerestory section with a curved roof which provided light to an internal stair which is no longer extant.</p><br>
<p>The building consists of the former Commercial Banking Company of Sydney premises on the northwest side, and three tenancies adjacent to the southeast. This is expressed on the Brunswick Street elevation at ground level as four shopfronts. The first floor elevation comprises a separate tenancy at the northwest end (the former Commercial Banking Company of Sydney), with the remaining three tenancies composed as a single unit with a unifying verandah.</p><br>
<p>The building is essentially an infill structure which has the overall effect of creating a gradual change of scale and proportion which responded to the adjoining Royal George Hotel (in its 1886 form) to the southeast, and an earlier form of the former TC Beirne Department store to the northwest. The unifying architectural elements included pedimented parapet details, comprising triangular and curved pediments on the Royal George Hotel which were later incorporated into the redevelopment of the former TC Beirne Department store, and which were consciously linked and referenced through the utilisation of triangular and broken apex curved pediments on Ruddle&#39;s Building.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the building, constructed of rendered masonry, has single-storeyed additions containing amenities, kitchens and store areas with corrugated iron roofs. Non-original steel framed stairs and walkways access the first floor.</p><br>
<h4>North-west tenancy</h4><br>
<p>The northwest tenancy (the former Commercial Banking Company of Sydney), currently a bar/live music venue, has a non-original awning to Brunswick Street. The awning is supported by metal tie rods fixed to the face of the building at the first floor window sill height, and comprises a deep metal fascia and pressed metal ceiling. The ground floor comprises a non-original timber framed shopfront with central paired timber framed glass doors, with a recessed original doorway at the northwest end. This doorway retains original fanlight and architrave detailing, and originally accessed a corridor leading to the rear internal stair and rear offices. The doorway is currently not used, and the internal planning has changed. The first floor elevation is composed of a central recessed section which continues to the parapet, with an arch with expressed extrados and keystone flanked by wall sections which appear as oversized pilasters each with a central window. The arch opens to a recessed loggia with projecting curved balcony with a wrought steel balustrade, and each window has non-original glass louvres. Expressed drip moulds frame the arch and window openings. An oversized keystone and arched drip moulding, which originally framed the arched entry to the banking premises, is extant below the balcony and above the non-original awning, however much of the original detailing of the ground floor elevation has been removed. The parapet comprises a broken apex curved pediment, and the entablature has oversized dentils.</p><br>
<p>The building has a two-storeyed section at the rear, with an angled side boundary wall, which forms an access way at the ground level and houses toilets at the first level.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the ground floor of the northwest tenancy contains a stair on the northwest side accessing the first floor, a bar and seating area, and a separate room at the rear housing a pool table. The rear room has an original tall sash window with architraves, some original detailing such as picture rails, and evidence of early openings in the rear wall. The bar and seating area has a tiled floor, and the walls and ceiling are finished with compressed sheeting. The first floor houses a function room with three large openings onto the recessed loggia fronting Brunswick Street. The clerestory lights the rear of the space, and a door opens into the rear office which has a tall sash window and original details such as architraves and skirtings. A short corridor accesses a bathroom at the rear, which has a boarded ceiling with timber cornice, and original panelled door and architraves.</p><br>
<h4>Other tenancies</h4><br>
<p>The remaining section of the building, which comprises three tenancies, has an awning to Brunswick Street which steps between the adjacent awnings of the Royal George Hotel and the northwest tenancy of the building. The awning has a deep timber fascia, raked boarded timber ceiling and is supported by four columns with Ionic capitals, above each of which is a single sphere. The ground floor comprises three tenancies, currently comprising a cafe and two bars, none of which have original shopfronts. The cafe has a timber framed shopfront with central paired timber framed glass doors. The middle bar has one large opening with a roller door, and the southern bar has been incorporated into the adjoining Royal George Hotel. The southern bar has a raised timber deck constructed over the footpath, and the front wall consists of two sets of folding timber framed glass doors either side of a timber framed window servery.</p><br>
<p>The first floor elevation is original and comprises a central cantilevered verandah with turned timber posts and balusters, and an ogee shaped corrugated iron awning with oversized dentils to the eaves. A pediment with oversized dentils to the entablature surmounts the awning fronting the parapet, and is flanked by the letters WR on the southern side, and the date 1901 on the northern side. Above these are short sections of balustrade to the parapet. The verandah has a raked boarded ceiling, a central timber partition, and multi-paned French doors with fanlights and expressed architrave mouldings.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the building has a unifying first floor verandah which has been enclosed with a combination of multi-paned windows, weatherboards and vertical boarding.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the ground floor of the remaining section of the building houses three tenancies, consisting of a cafe and two bars. The cafe has a non-original raised ground floor, which functions as a mezzanine and affords views of the basement seating area. The cafe has a seating area fronting Brunswick Street to both the basement and raised ground floor, a kitchen and amenities at the rear, original deep cornices and a non-original stair at the rear. Both bars have non original fit-outs, and the southern bar functions as an extension of the adjacent Royal George Hotel. Both bars have basements, with brick arches in adjoining walls. The first floor, which consists of rooms opening off a central corridor, is currently used as accommodation for the staff of the Royal George Hotel, and is accessed via the first floor corridor of the hotel. Sash windows and French doors with tall fanlights open onto the rear enclosed verandah, which has a boarded raked ceiling and face brick exterior wall.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Royal George Hotel and Ruddle&#39;s Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 August 1998 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The forebear of the Royal George Hotel was established on this site in 1850. Known as the Bush and Commercial Inn (later called the Freemasons Arms, Lamb Inn, and from 1863 the Royal George), that early hotel building comprising two brick sections including the distinctive chamfered corner section still apparent today, is believed to form the core of the Royal George Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The evolution of the Royal George Hotel over several stages from the 1850s is important in illustrating the development of Fortitude Valley. The surviving 1850s core is important and rare surviving evidence of the beginnings of the area; its transformation in 1886 to a late Victorian hotel during Queenslands economic boom in the 1880s was part of a substantial rebuilding of the Valley at this time including the building and rebuilding of a number of Valley hotels. Despite the removal of much of the Victorian decoration in the 1960s the form of the Victorian hotel remains to illustrate this period when the Valley rivalled North and South Brisbane as one of the principal commercial precincts of Brisbane. Erected in 1901 by Royal George owner and licensee, William Ruddle, Ruddles building was built to cater for the continued commercial growth of the Valley despite the general downturn in the Queensland economy during the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The surviving 1850s core is important and rare surviving evidence of the beginnings of the area; its transformation in 1886 to a late Victorian hotel during Queensland&#39;s economic boom in the 1880s was part of a substantial rebuilding of the Valley at this time including the building and rebuilding of a number of Valley hotels.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Built just one year after a settlement was established in the area by the immigrants of the SS Fortitude, that core (including masonry load bearing walls in the basement and first floor) constitutes rare surviving early fabric which has the potential to reveal evidence of both the workings of a hotel and building practices in the mid 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Although the Royal George Hotel has been substantially altered on several occasions, the building retains sufficient elements such as masonry load bearing construction, basement, ground floor public areas, accommodation to the upper floors, and the pattern of external openings which formerly opened onto verandahs, to sufficiently demonstrate the typical characteristics of a late nineteenth century hotel.</p><br>
<p>Ruddle&#39;s Building is important in exhibiting the principal characteristics of the work of architect RS (Robin) Dods, including a considered response to climate, robust detailing, and carefully composed elevations which, with the use of architectural elements, perform an important role in consciously linking and referring to adjacent buildings to create a coherent streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Located on a prominent street corner, the Royal George Hotel and Ruddles Building are important elements in the Fortitude Valley streetscape. Ruddles Building is of architectural and aesthetic importance, and through its form, scale and materials, illustrates a skilled design approach. Elements such as the recessed loggia and cantilevered first floor verandah demonstrate a considered response to climate, and surviving fabric (particularly in the rear rooms) provide important evidence of the building&#39;s original robust internal detailing.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Apart from two very short periods when the hotel premises were unlicensed, this site, strategically located on the corner of Ann and Brunswick Streets, once known as the roads to the (former penal settlements) of Eagle Farm and New Farm, has been in continuous use as a hotel site for over 140 years giving the site considerable social significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Known together as Ruddles corner, the Royal George Hotel and Ruddles building, has a long association with the Ruddle family, members of whom were well known "Valley" people.</p><br>
<p>The TC Beirne Department Store is a heritage-listed former department store at 28 Duncan Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Robin Dods and built in 1902. Further extensions were made through to 1938 to the designs of Dods and Hennessey & Hennessey. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 December 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The TC Beirne Department Store was constructed for Thomas Charles Beirne in 1902 to the design of Robin Dods. The warehouse portion of the building was extended in 1906, and further extensions were made to the structure in 1910 and 1913, also to the design of Dods. By, architects Hennessey & Hennessey had undertaken extensive additions, and in 1938 an extra 30,000 square feet of floor space was added. In 1956 the building was sold to David Jones, and has changed ownership several times since. Geoffrey Pie undertook alterations in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Charles Beirne was born in 1860 in Ballymacurly, Ireland, the son of farmers. He was apprenticed to a draper at the age of fourteen, and in 1884 emigrated to Melbourne where he worked as a draper&#39;s assistant and later joint manager for Eyre and Shephard and then Foy and Gibson. Less than two years later a former employer in Ireland, Michael Piggott, invited Beirne to enter into a partnership and the firm of Piggott & Beirne was established in Stanley Street, South Brisbane. By 1891 the partnership had dissolved and TC Beirne took his capital of £1200 and opened his own store in Brunswick Street, Fortitude Valley, in premises owned by the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane. The shop employed six staff and had a frontage of twenty feet and a depth of fifty feet. TC Beirne had married Ann Kavanagh in 1887, and the Beirne family lived in quarters above the shop.</p><br>
<p>The success of TC Beirne&#39;s store was immediate, and within a few months of opening, the store underwent an expansion into a second and then a third adjoining shop. Beirne attempted to have the owner of the shops, the Anglican Diocese, pay to convert the shops into one store. When this request was rejected, TC Beirne purchased the Diocese holdings in Brunswick Street in 1897 for £8000 on a deposit of £50. The property consisted of five shops and a bank. Architect William Hodgen, junior designed extensive alterations to the property, and by 1900 the business was described as having "evolved into large bright looking premises with a frontage to Brunswick Street of 110ft". The same article pronounced TC Beirne & Co. to be one of the "most popular shopping places in the city of Brisbane".</p><br>
<p>By this time, the Beirne family had moved from their quarters above the shop to "Clevelard", Moray Street, New Farm. In 1899 the family moved again to Glengariff, Hendra where additions to the residence were made in 1907 to the design of Dods. Robin Dods was also the architect of a house built for Beirne&#39;s eldest daughter, Mrs Morgan, in 1912 (now located at 9 Morgan Street, Albion).</p><br>
<p>The growth and expansion of TC Beirne & Co. continued for the greater half of the twentieth century. Within a few years of the purchase of the Brunswick Street property, Beirne acquired adjoining properties in Duncan Street. The company was eventually to boast a Brunswick Street frontage of 146 feet, a Duncan Street frontage of 311 feet, and an Ann Street frontage of 62 feet. The shop floor areas fronted Brunswick Street, and warehousing areas were located along Duncan and Ann Streets.</p><br>
<p>In 1902 Robin Dods of the architectural firm Hall & Dods, was commissioned to design the building that was to form the core of the present structure. Additions to the companys warehousing facilities followed in 1906 when Hall & Dods called tenders for "premises, Duncan Street, Valley, for TC Beirne & Co.". Master Builder, George Albert Baumber, completed the work at a cost of £6348. Other major work was completed in 1910 and 1913, also to the design of Robin Dods. Baumbers tender was accepted in 1909, while the work completed in 1913 included a "new storey and other additions, besides the modernising of the Brunswick Street premises at a cost of about £25,000". This work increased the number of arches on the parapet from two to three.</p><br>
<p>Less than twenty years later, further extensions were made. Architects Hennessey & Hennessey were responsible for the additions. In 1938, 30,000 square feet of floor space was added by contractors GH Turner & Son at a cost of £30,000. The work was completed using structural steel, reinforced concrete and brick, and included the additions of a five-storey building to the Brunswick Street frontage of Beirne&#39;s property; and the addition of four storeys on the Duncan Street side of the building.</p><br>
<p>The success of the TC Beirne & Co. emporium extended outside Brisbane and branches of the store were established in the cities of Ipswich and Mackay, where buildings designed by Robin Dods were erected in 1902 (Ipswich) and 1907 (Mackay). TC Beirne also established a popular and successful mail-order service, extending the company&#39;s clientele base into more remote locations.</p><br>
<p>The early history of another Valley success story, McWhirter&#39;s, is directly linked to TC Beirne and Co. In 1894, James McWhirter joined TC Beirne as general manager and temporary partner before leaving to occupy premises on the opposite of Brunswick Street. Like Beirne, McWhirter was an instant success and the two stores, along with other principal retailers, Overells and later the ACB Company and Waltons, did much to ensure the popularity of Fortitude Valley as a shopping destination in the first half of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>While Thomas Charles Beirne became a household name through the success of his retail empire, he was also a prominent figure in wider Brisbane society. He joined the Brisbane Traders Association in 1898 and became its president in 1901. He was a director of the Brisbane Tramways Company, the Brisbane Gas Company, Queensland Trustees, AMP, Atlas Assistance and the British Australian Cotton Foundation. In 1905 he was appointed to the Queensland Legislative Council where he remained until its abolition in 1922. He was Warden of the University of Queensland from 1928 to 1941, and the TC Beirne School of Law was founded with his donation of £20,000. Other recipients of his generosity were the Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Duchesne College, St Brigids Church at Red Hill, and the proposed-but-never-built Holy Name Cathedral. In 1929 he was awarded a Papal Knighthood of the Order of Saint Gregory the Great, Civil Class.</p><br>
<p>TC Beirne died on 21 April 1949. Seven years later, in 1956, the Fortitude Valley TC Beirne building was sold to David Jones. The building was sold again in 1973 and in 1974 alterations were made to the design of Geoffrey Pie. The TC Beirne building for some time housed a branch of Target, a discount department store.</p><br>
<p>In the mid 1990s, the TC Beirne store and the TC Beirne warehouse in Duncan Street to the rear became separately owned. Both buildings have undergone extensive internal alteration and refurbishment and now contain commercial and retail outlets on the lower level and apartments on the upper floors. The TC Beirne Centre also contains offices of the Brisbane City Council. The former warehouse, now Fortuneland Centre, has been subdivided into 49 strata titles.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The TC Beirne Department Store occupies a prominent position overlooking the pedestrian thoroughfares of Brunswick and Duncan Streets, Fortitude Valley. Ann Street borders the eastern extreme of the Duncan Street side of the complex. The portion of the complex once used by the company as retail trading space fronts Brunswick Street and is now known as the TC Beirne Centre, while the Fortuneland Centre, once the warehouse, fronts Duncan Street which is now Chinatown.</p><br>
<h3>The TC Beirne Centre</h3><br>
<p>The Brunswick Street elevation is four storeys high and is constructed of rendered and painted masonry. There are thirteen windows on each floor, arranged in vertical panels between flat pilasters and becoming successively less decorated. The first floor windows are casements with semi-circular fanlights and distinctive projecting arched hoods. The second and third floor windows consist of pairs of rectangular sash windows with decorative moulding below the sill and around the frame. Moulded triangular pediments top the second floor windows. The top of each pilaster consists of a shamrock crest, positioned directly below a dentilled cornice.</p><br>
<p>Above the projecting cornice, the pilasters are extended with recessed panels between them to form a decorative parapet. The recessed panels are infilled with masonry circles that shape the initials TCB and all the panels are topped with a flat moulded capping. The building is topped with large arched pediments, originally two in number, and then increased to three when the building was extended. The entrance and ground floor shop fronts are modern.</p><br>
<p>The interior has been largely replaced and now has an arcade with retail shops through to Duncan Street on the ground floor and modern offices and apartments on the upper floors. In the centre of the building what appears to have been a clerestory is preserved together with its ceiling decoration. The floors below it have been replaced by metal girders to create a light well. No other original internal decoration can be readily seen.</p><br>
<p>The Duncan Street section of the complex is five storeys high and is of painted brick. Generally, the windows are segmental arches, except on the eastern bay, which has semi-circular arched windows on the first and fourth floors, with square headed windows between. Bold Dutch gables unify the different buildings. The brick parapet has a stepped top with semi-circular pediments and circular vents. Alterations include a wide modern arcade entrance and a glass and metal overhead tunnel, designed by James Birrell, that links the centre to the buildings on the other side of Duncan Street. The shopfronts are now all modern metal and glass, though some of the metal pillars supporting the street awning survive.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Government (Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, DSITI) will open a Start-Up Precinct in TC Beirne Building in October 2016 as part of Advance Queensland program. River City Labs and CSIRO&#39;s Data61 will be first tenants.</p><br>
<h3>Fortuneland Centre</h3><br>
<p>The former warehouse is constructed of painted brick and has its major elevation to Duncan Street adjoining the main store buildings. The building has four storeys and a low brick tower to Duncan Street, similar to that on the TC Beirne section. The building has large segmental arch windows to the upper floors, those on the Duncan Street side being the original timber-framed windows and those on the Ann Street elevation have modern metal frames. The top floor is composed largely of banks of multiple-paned windows between narrow brick panels. The rear of the building overlooks a laneway and modern windows and small metal balconies have been added, as has a deck area.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor of the Fortuneland Centre contains 12 shops and restaurants with modern glass and metal shopfronts. The display windows at the corner of Duncan and Ann Streets have been replaced, but some original metal posts supporting the street awning to Duncan and Ann Streets remain. The upper levels of the former warehouse have been reconfigured as apartments and no original internal walls remain. The basement contains a car park.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>TC Beirne Department Store was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 December 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building and development of the TC Beirne Department Store is important in demonstrating the pattern and evolution of Queensland&#39;s history, reflecting the late 19th and early 20th century development of Fortitude Valley as a major commercial and shopping centre, which was sustained well into the post-Second World War period.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The TC Beirne Department Store is important because of its aesthetic significance as a prominent and visually appealing element in the pedestrian streetscapes of Brunswick Street and Duncan Street (China Town).</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The TC Beirne Department Store has a special association with the TC Beirne company who played an important part in the development of retailing and department stores in the first half of the twentieth century. The place also has a special association with the life and work of the company&#39;s founder, Thomas Charles Beirne, and the work of architect Robin Dods.</p><br>
<p>The Fortitude Valley Primitive Methodist Church is a heritage-listed former church  at 483 Brunswick Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey and built from 1876 to 1900 by John Smith & Sons. It is also known as Brunswick Street Methodist Church, Brunswick Street Uniting Church, Potters Gallery, and Brisbane Modern Art Gallery. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This brick building was erected in 1876 for the Primitive Methodist congregation of Brisbane, on a site in Brunswick Street acquired by The Corporation of the Primitive Methodist Connexion in 1875.</p><br>
<p>It was the third Primitive Methodist Church erected in Brisbane. Primitive Methodist Services conducted by lay preachers commenced in Brisbane in 1859, and the first minister arrived the following year. A small church was built in Windmell (now McLachlan) Street, Fortitude Valley, in 1861, and shortly afterwards, a second church was erected in Adelaide Street. By the mid-1870s, a new church was necessary to serve the expanding Fortitude Valley population.</p><br>
<p>Plans for the new church were drawn by Brisbane architect Richard Gailey, who designed a substantial number of Protestant churches in Queensland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the Baptist City Tabernacle in Wickham Terrace, opened in 1890. Tenders for the Brunswick Street church were called in February 1876, and the contract was let to John Smith & Sons of Adelaide Street. Several foundation stones were laid on 1 March 1876, and the building was completed in about five and a half months at a cost of approximately £1,100, including fittings. The opening service was conducted on 24 September 1876. The Brunswick Street church became the centre of Primitive Methodism in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>One of the most successful of the churchs activities was the establishment of the Fortitude Valley Penny Savings Bank, which operated from the church premises from 1886 until 1982, and then from a private residence until wound up in 1993. Penny Savings Banks had operated in Brisbane from at least the 1870s, and generally were run by churches, working mens associations or lodges. They were neither registered banking institutions nor building or friendly societies; the aim of these banks appears to have been more to encourage people who could not afford the minimum deposit required by regular savings banks, to save. The Fortitude Valley Penny Savings Bank was established by Mr H Bennett, and maintained primarily by the Bennett family for over a century. Associated initially with the Primitive Methodist Sunday School, the bank later offered first mortgage housing loans. It was autonomous from the working of the church, but profits were donated to church maintenance and special projects.</p><br>
<p>Following the 1898 unification of Queensland&#39;s various Methodist groups - Wesleyans, Primitive Methodists, Bible Christians, and United Free Methodists - the Fortitude Valley Primitive Methodist Church became known as the Brunswick Street Methodist Church.</p><br>
<p>The building was extended in 1900, when a vestry and classroom were added at the rear of the building. These extensions were planned to commemorate the advent of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>In 1935-36, a timber hall was constructed at the rear of the property. Plans were drawn by Rev Frederick Arthur Malcolm, and the building was erected by voluntary labour, at a cost of £375. A stump-capping ceremony was held on 17 August 1935, and the hall was opened on 5 April 1936. This building has been altered substantially, and does not form part of the present entry in the Heritage Register.</p><br>
<p>In 1977 the congregation joined the Uniting Church and combined with the Fortitude Valley Presbyterian Church. The Brunswick Street church was required no longer, and was sold to the Queensland Potters Association in 1982. The Association refurbished the building and added a steel-framed mezzanine floor. In 1983 it opened the Potters Gallery on the premises to display and sell members&#39; work.</p><br>
<p>In 2005 a major project was undertaken to construct a new gallery building on street level with the church building above it. The new gallery opened in October 2008, after many difficulties; however, it closed in September 2010. The gallery building operated as a French bistro restaurant, Lady Lamington, for a period, before being sold in early 2014. It has since re-opened as a private art gallery, the Brisbane Modern Art Gallery.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Fortitude Valley Primitive Methodist Church, a single-storeyed rendered masonry building with a stone plinth, is located on a raised corner site overlooking Brunswick Street and is accessed via twin stairs built into a carefully articulated and unpainted brick retaining wall.</p><br>
<p>The steep pitch gabled roof is clad with corrugated iron, and the building shows a strong Gothic influence in its design.</p><br>
<p>The rectangular plan consists of five bays with buttressed walls, and a rear storeroom with a corrugated iron skillion roof. Each bay houses a single lancet window, each of which is glazed with a sandblasted glass panel.</p><br>
<p>The symmetrical, highly decorative northern elevation has twin pointed arch doorways with entrance porches, a single lancet window and a rose window above. Access is via a twin set of stone stairs, and the elevation is framed by twin spires. The building has decorative timber work to eaves and bargeboards, with decorative mouldings around windows.</p><br>
<p>The southern elevation has a rose window above the original pulpit with the storeroom attached below. The rose windows are glazed in red, blue and yellow glass panels.</p><br>
<p>Internally, open timber trusses are positioned in line with the buttresses and the ceiling is boarded. Interior walls are rendered and a steel mezzanine has been inserted, supported by twelve columns and attached to the side walls in four places. Access is via a stair from the original raised pulpit platform which has the original pulpit and rail.</p><br>
<p>The storeroom has fanlights above windows and doors, and has been partially partitioned. A recent administration building is located to the rear of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Fortitude Valley Primitive Methodist Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It is important in demonstrating the establishment and evolution of Primitive Methodism in Queensland in the second half of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular its contribution, through scale, form and materials, to the Brunswick Street streetscape and Fortitude Valley townscape and its highly decorative northern street elevation.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has a special association with Brisbane architect Richard Gailey, as an example of his ecclesiastical work and with the Fortitude Valley Penny Savings Bank for nearly a century.</p><br>
<p>The E.A. Shaw House is a historic building located on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1984.</p><br>
<h2>E.A. Shaw</h2><br>
<p>E.A. Shaw was associated with the local lumber firm of Renwick, Shaw & Crossett. He also had extensive timberland holdings in Minnesota and other areas of the country. Shaw had this house built as a family residence around 1901.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Davenport architect Gustav Hanssen designed this house in the Queen Anne style. It is a fine local example of the late period of the style&#39;s development. The house features the asymmetry and irregularity found in Victorian architecture and combines it with neoclassical details. Its location on a corner lot at the crest of long hill down to the Mississippi River and its corner tower lend additional prominence to the house. This frame structure is built on a masonry foundation. The exterior is covered with extremely narrow clapboarding. The wrap-around porch features paired columns in the Doric order that rest on stone pedestals. Engaged columns in the Ionic order are found on the third stage of the semicircular corner tower. Egg-and-dart molding is located below the cornice, and a Palladian window is located in the south gable. A porte-cochere is located on the southwest corner of the house.</p><br>
<p>The New Sharon Bridge was a single-span iron Pennsylvania truss that carried USA Route 2  over the Sandy River in New Sharon, Maine. The bridge was built in 1916, closed to traffic in the 1990s, and was demolished on February 27, 2014. It had been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as one of only three pin-connected Pennsylvania truss bridges in the state.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was oriented roughly northwest to southeast, crossing the Sandy River adjacent to the center of New Sharon. It was a single-span, pin-connected, Pennsylvania truss, one of only three such bridges built in the state. The bridge was manufactured by the Groton Bridge Co. and erected in 1916 on concrete abutments with ashlar granite wingwalls. The bridge was 268 ft long and had a sidewalk cantilevered over its upstream side. It had a steel grid deck giving a roadway 18.5 ft in width.</p><br>
<p>When the current alignment of US 2 was built in 1959, a modern span was built downstream to carry it, and the road this bridge carried was designated Main Street. The bridge was closed by the state in the 1990s because of its deteriorating condition. Further cracking in the abutments over time led to the decision in 2013 to demolish it. The bridge was brought down on February 27, 2014. Explosive charges meant to accomplish the feat failed to do so, apparently because the aging concrete of the abutments absorbed the force of the blast. Large jackhammers were brought in to finish the job.</p><br>
<p>The Harvey Lee Ross House is a two-story frame, side-gabled house built in approximately 1858 on the farm of Harvey Lee Ross near Vermont, Illinois. The house and several outbuildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places  in 1996, based on the distinctive characteristics of the architecture and an association with the life of a significant individual from the past. The house features Greek Revival elements with some Italianate detailing. It was originally owned by Harvey Lee Ross, a railroad developer, banker, merchant, and agriculturist. A recent view of the house and property is available.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Harvey Lee Ross house and its associated summer kitchen and barn were built in approximately 1858. The farmstead was occupied by the Ross family until they moved to Macomb, Illinois in 1873. The property was then bought by Aaron A. Bellangee, who lived there with his family until his death in the early 1910s. The Bellangee&#39;s daughter Rebecca and her husband Marshall Freeman then acquired the property and lived there from the early 1910s until 1927. From 1927 until the 1940s, Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. McCormick owned the house and land. The property was then purchased by Mr. and Mrs. Otto Ward, who were retired farmers. At the time of the NRHP application, the property was owned by Ralph Malott, his daughter Nelda, and her husband, James C. Fell.</p><br>
<p>After 1873, a number of additions were made to the house and several outbuildings were constructed. These include a kitchen and bathroom wing, a storage wing, a pantry wing, sheds, a privy, and a chicken coop. Some of the interior features of the house were also modified, including replacement of the original pine flooring on the first floor with oak floors, replacement of some wood paneled doors with French doors, removal of pocket doors, and the addition of carpeting. The majority of the changes appear to have been made in the 1880s and early 1900s.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The basic plan of the two-story, wood frame house is a variation on the "four-over-four" layout. The first floor consists of a central hall with two rooms to the south and a large parlor on the north. The second floor has a central hall with two rooms on either side. The overall style of the house is Greek Revival, including a one-story front porch with four Doric-inspired wood columns with fluting, six-over-six windows, and an entryway with a divided transom and skylights. There is an ornamental cast iron railing and balustrade above the porch. The interior of the house also features Greek Revival elements, including fluted window and door woodwork, and a formal parlor with sidelights and transoms. In addition, the house includes some Italianate detailing, such as small decorative brackets above the front entryway.</p><br>
<p>Outbuildings that are part of the NRHP listing include a one-story, saltbox-shaped; a frame, a frame shed/garage; a storage shed; a machine shed; a chicken coop; and a privy. The summer kitchen and barn, which were constructed at approximately the same time as the house, feature traditional mortise and tenon and pegged construction. The other structures were added subsequently.</p><br>
<h2>Original Owner</h2><br>
<p>In 1836, Ross became a student at Illinois College in Jacksonville, Illinois. His college chum was William H. Herndon, who later became a law partner of Abraham Lincoln. Ross also served as postmaster at Havana, having been appointed to this position by President Martin Van Buren.</p><br>
<p>Ross married Jane R. Kirkpatrick on January 1, 1840, in Fulton County, Illinois. The couple had six children: Ossian Ross (who died at age 18 months), Harriet S. (Ross) Hall, Frank W. Ross, Mary F. (Ross) Childs, George C. Ross, and Joseph L. Ross.</p><br>
<p>In 1844, the Ross family moved to land located near Vermont, Illinois, where Ross engaged in farming and stock raising and was also involved in the local mercantile trade. Ross ran a grocery and general store on the Vermont town square, was a grain buyer and shipper, and ran a pork packing plant. In 1859, he opened Fulton County&#39;s first bank, the Fulton Bank, located in Vermont. In the 1860s, Ross was a leading promoter of a railroad line through Vermont. He donated funds, gave right-of-way for the railroad line through his property, and donated land for construction of a depot. He also served on the board of directors of the Macomb, Vermont, and Bath Railroad Company.</p><br>
<p>In 1873, Ross moved to Macomb, Illinois, where he continued farming until 1882. He then moved to Oakland, California, where he was listed in the city directory as a real estate dealer and farmer. At the time that he moved west, Ross owned fourteen farms in McDonough County and several farms in Fulton County. Ross lived in Oakland until his death on January 27, 1907. He was interred in Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, where his wife Jane had been interred in 1896.</p><br>
<p>While he was in California, Harvey Lee Ross was asked by William T. Davidson, editor of the Fulton Democrat, a newspaper published in Lewistown, to write a series of sketches describing Ross recollections of life in the early pioneering years of Illinois, particularly of Fulton and Sangamon counties. Written when he was in his 80s, the resulting sketches were first published as a series of articles in the newspaper and then in book form. Included in the book are the authors personal recollections of Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Jackson, and Peter Cartwright, as well as his own autobiography. The book has been of considerable interest to Lincoln collectors.</p><br>
<p>It has been suggested that Harvey Lee Ross was the basis for the character of Thomas Ross, Jr., in Edgar Lee Masters&#39; Spoon River Anthology. However, there is some uncertainty regarding this proposal because Ross does not appear to have been adversely affected by any of his brothers, contrary to what is alleged in the verse:</p><br>
<p>La Scala is a heritage-listed detached house at 517 Brunswick Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Thomas Ramsay Hall and built. It was originally known as Craig Athol. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The three-storeyed timber house was built in 1914 for Dr Thomas Henry Reeve Mathewson to a design by architect Thomas Ramsay Hall. Mathewson named the house Craig Athol. He operated his practice from the ground floor and lived in the house above.</p><br>
<p>In 1923 he moved his practice to Wickham Terrace but continued to live in the house, renting out the ground floor to another doctor. The house and surgery were owned and occupied by a number of doctors over the years before being turned into flats in the 1970s. The original stables were demolished and a small addition was built on the rear of the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1980 the property was bought by Brisbane architect Robert Riddel who restored it and renamed it La Scala. The ground floor, which was enlarged in the 1980s, housed an architectural practice for some years until 1992 and is now divided into three separate tenancies.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>La Scala is a three-storeyed timber building which sits on a narrow corner site overlooking Brunswick Street and has a hipped terracotta tiled roof with decorative finials.</p><br>
<p>The three levels are dissimilar in plan, and consist of offices on the ground floor and a single residence on each of the floors above linked via a stairwell bay. The building shows influences of a mixture of stylistic trends in the treatment of materials and the spatial organisation.</p><br>
<p>A roofdeck above the ground floor overlooks Brunswick Street and is surfaced with fibro tiles. The rear of the building sits on tall timber stumps and the perimeter has batten screens. The building is clad in weatherboard and features a bay window stairwell to the north.</p><br>
<p>There is a rough cast concrete and brick pier retaining wall to both street frontages. Entry to the ground floor is via a set of stairs built into the retaining wall on the northern side. Levels two and three are accessed via a timber stair and porch on the eastern side.</p><br>
<p>Verandahs on levels two and three have been enclosed with timber screens and an assortment of louvred, casement, sliding and hopper windows. Verandahs have solid weatherboard balustrading with inverted semicircular openings with batten infill.</p><br>
<p>Levels one and two have terracotta tile awnings with timber brackets. Two offices have been added to the rear of the ground level, and a rear bedroom and side bathroom, both with corrugated iron skillion roofs, have been added to level two.</p><br>
<p>The office foyer has an external timber door with glass sidelights and fanlight, and an internal timber door with decorative leadlight in the door, sidelights and fanlight.</p><br>
<p>The foyer to level two features decorative leadlight in the sidelights, fanlight and oval window. The internal timber stair balustrade consists of wide battens with a stylised tulip fretwork motif, and the bay has casement windows.</p><br>
<p>All public rooms on levels one and two feature decorative plaster ceilings, which vary in design from room to room. The lounge and dining rooms on level two, separated by a timber screen, have the most ornate ceilings consisting of borders of fruit.</p><br>
<p>Internal walls are single skin vertically jointed boards. Windows are mainly casement with fanlights above and French doors open onto verandahs and the front deck.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>La Scala was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>La Scala is significant as it demonstrates innovative architectural ideas including the large roofdeck for outdoor living, the free planforms linked via the stairwell bay, and the stylistic innovation in the use of decorative elements and materials.</p><br>
<p>La Scala is significant for the unusual scale and form of the building and retaining walls and the contribution these elements make to the Brunswick Street streetscape. Also significant is the aesthetic quality of decorative elements including plaster ceilings, timber batten detailing, leadlight panels and timber work.</p><br>
<p>La Scala is significant as an example of the domestic work of architect TR Hall.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>La Scala is significant for the unusual scale and form of the building and retaining walls and the contribution these elements make to the Brunswick Street streetscape. Also significant is the aesthetic quality of decorative elements including plaster ceilings, timber batten detailing, leadlight panels and timber work.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>La Scala is significant as it demonstrates innovative architectural ideas including the large roofdeck for outdoor living, the free planforms linked via the stairwell bay, and the stylistic innovation in the use of decorative elements and materials.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>La Scala is significant as an example of the domestic work of architect TR Hall.</p><br>
<p>The Drill Shed is a heritage-listed drill shed at 342 Water Street, Fortitude Valley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John James Clark and built in 1880s by William Watson. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 December 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The large timber drill shed located between Water Street and Gregory Terrace, Fortitude Valley, was originally erected in 1884 in Boundary Street, Fortitude Valley, for infantry units of the Queensland Volunteer Force, prior to the creation of the Queensland Defence Force. The drill shed is the oldest known surviving drill shed in Queensland and the only one with a gable-roofed design. It is also the last survivor of Brisbanes pre-Federation drill sheds. It was transferred to the Commonwealth in 1901 and was moved to its current site in 1925, along with its adjacent timber caretakers cottage and an orderly room built in 1885 for the Moreton Mounted Infantry. The orderly room was the core of an office building south of the drill shed until its twentieth century additions were demolished and the remaining structure moved next to the drill shed in 2013. As a group, the three colonial-era defence buildings are uncommon, and as a pair the drill shed and its accompanying cottage may be a unique surviving example in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Upon separation from New South Wales in 1859 Queensland had no military defence, as Brisbane&#39;s British garrison (a detachment of the 11th Regiment) had been withdrawn in 1850. The first Governor of the new Colony of Queensland, Sir George Bowen, lobbied for a company of British regular soldiers, but it was not until January 1861 that Brisbane received a detachment of the 12th Regiment. A larger unit was not available until a company of the 50th Regiment arrived in October 1866, fresh from campaigning in southern Taranaki, New Zealand. A detachment of Royal Marines was also located at Somerset, Cape York Peninsula, from 1864 to 1867. The 50th Regiment departed Brisbane in March 1869, and the last of the British regiments left Australia in 1870.</p><br>
<p>During the 1860s the small number of British regular soldiers in Queensland was supplemented by local forces and Governor Bowen accepted the services of local volunteers in a number of Queensland towns from 1860. The Brisbane Troop, Queensland Mounted Rifles, existed from February 1860 to May 1863. Also in Brisbane, No. 1 and 2 Companies, Queensland Volunteer Rifle Brigade (QVRB) began training in September 1860 (disbanded in 1865). The Queensland Volunteer Artillery was gazetted in Brisbane in August 1862.</p><br>
<p>More units were raised in Brisbane in 1867, including the Brisbane Volunteer Rifle Corps (later "A" Company of the 1st Regiment of Queensland Infantry from June 1879, and then "A" Company of the 1st Queenslanders (or Moreton) Regiment from February 1885); and the Spring Hill and Fortitude Valley Rifle Corps, which later became "B" Company, 1st Queenslanders Regiment. No. 7 Company (South Brisbane) of the QVRB was raised in 1870, but only lasted until 1872.</p><br>
<p>The volunteers training was supervised by members of the 50th Regiment during the late 1860s. However, limited interest and funding continued to hamper the volunteer movement until the late 1870s, when tensions between Britain and Russia raised concerns regarding the vulnerability of Britains overseas colonies. Colonel Sir William Jervois of the Royal Engineers, assisted by Lieutenant-Colonel Peter Scratchley, toured the Australian colonies to make recommendations for defence arrangements and the pair visited Queensland in August 1877. In order to deal with the perceived Russian naval threat to Brisbane, they recommended small naval vessels, a coastal fort at Lytton (now Fort Lytton, built 1881), and a field force of infantry and engineers with artillery.</p><br>
<p>Another recommendation was to form a permanent staff to train the volunteers. The Volunteer Act 1878 established a permanent staff of officers and non-commissioned officers (NCOs), the latter to act as drill instructors, and a professional Commandant was appointed in April 1878. By 1880 the staff included 10 officers and 6 NCOs in Brisbane, plus 2 NCOs in Ipswich, and one each in Toowoomba, Warwick, Rockhampton and Maryborough.</p><br>
<p>During the late 1870s more volunteer units were formed in Queensland. In Brisbane these included the Queensland Rangers Volunteer Corps, No. 12 Company (1877); and "D" Company, formed in 1878 as part of the new Metropolitan Administrative Battalion (later part of the 1st Queenslanders). The Queensland Volunteer Artillery Brigade, formed in June 1879, included No.1 Battery Brisbane, No. 2 Battery Ipswich, No. 3 (Garrison) Battery Brisbane, and the Brisbane Engineers.</p><br>
<p>Jervois defence scheme came closer to fruition in January 1882, when a Military Committee of Enquiry was appointed in Queensland. The committee recommended a mixed force, with a permanent staff based in Brisbane, a volunteer militia centred on Brisbane, plus country and coastal units as (unpaid) volunteers. This hybrid force of professionals, militia and volunteers was given legislative form by the Defence Act 1884, after the instigation of Scratchleys pay scales for militia under an October 1882 regulation. An experienced Imperial officer was also appointed Commandant in mid 1883, namely, Colonel George French, Royal Artillery.</p><br>
<p>When the Defence Act was gazetted in February 1885 the Queensland Volunteer Force became the Queensland Defence Force (QDF). That month, "A" Battery of the artillery was created as a permanent unit, intended to instruct the militia artillery, engineers, plus officers and NCOs of other units. Although permanent staff existed outside "A" battery, including HQ staff and Sergeant Instructors, the latter could be attached to "A" Battery for accommodation purposes.</p><br>
<p>As a result of these reforms the QDF had a four tier system until 1903. This consisted of a small permanent force of paid professionals (officers and instructors), while the bulk of force was militia (paid to drill and train, provided with uniforms, weapons ammunition and instruction); the third tier were volunteers who were unpaid and who paid for own uniforms while receiving weapons, ammunition and instruction; and a fourth tier consisted of the police, cadets, and rifle clubs. Another war scare, this time over Russian-British tensions over Afghanistan in April–May 1885, provided a timely boost to recruitment for the QDF&#39;s militia and volunteer units.</p><br>
<p>The 1st Queenslanders (or Moreton) Regiment (militia) was established February 1885 from the existing four companies of the former 1st Regiment of Queensland Infantry, an Ipswich company of the former 2nd Regiment, and a new Brisbane company. In the 1880s the Moreton Regiment was one of Queenslands largest militia infantry formations. By 1889 Queenslands militia regiments included the Moreton Regiment, the Wide Bay Regiment, the Kennedy Regiment, and the Darling Downs Regiment. Of the Moreton Regiments units, "A" Company was located in Fortitude Valley, "B" in Spring Hill, "C" in North Brisbane, "D" in South Brisbane, and "E" in Kangaroo Point. In 1903 the Moreton Regiment became the 9th Australian Infantry Regiment, which later served in World War I (as the 9th Battalion, Moreton Regiment) at Gallipoli, Pozières, Ypres, and opposing Germanys Operation Michael, at a total cost of 1,094 killed and 2,422 wounded.</p><br>
<p>Other infantry units in Brisbane included the Brisbane Volunteer Rifle Corps (including various volunteer companies from 1885, becoming the Queensland Volunteer Rifles (QVR) in 1891); the Queensland Scottish Volunteer Corps (in 1885-86 three companies were formed in Brisbane and two survived to be incorporated into the QVR in 1896); and the Queensland Irish Volunteer Corps (two companies formed in 1887, absorbed into the QVR in 1896).</p><br>
<p>As well as infantry and artillery units, mounted units were formed in Brisbane during the 1880s. These included the short-lived Brisbane Mounted Volunteer Rifle Brigade, and the Brisbane Company Mounted Infantry. The latter was formed in March 1884, became the Brisbane Mounted Infantry (militia) in February 1885 and was renamed the Moreton Mounted Infantry in May 1885. The Moreton Mounted Infantry was the largest of Queensland&#39;s militia mounted infantry formations. It became part of the Queensland Mounted Infantry (QMI) in 1897 and part of the 13th Australian Light Horse (QMI) Regiment in 1903. This was later redesignated as the 2nd ALH (QMI), and members of this unit enlisted in the 2nd Light Horse Regiment to serve during World War I at Gallipoli and in Palestine.</p><br>
<p>Accompanying the burgeoning number of military units in Brisbane and the rest of Queensland was a need for places where the permanent force, militia or volunteers could assemble, store their weapons, and practice military drill. Drill sheds had existed in Brisbane from at least the 1870s, with an artillery drill shed in George Street by August 1876, and an infantry drill shed at the Roma Street railway station by 1879. Tenders for a brick artillery drill shed (located between Adelaide Street and Ann Street opposite today&#39;s Central railway station) were received in August 1878, and it was completed by February 1880. In the late 1870s drill sheds were also built at Ipswich, Rockhampton, Maryborough and Toowoomba, with a rented building in Warwick. A stone drill shed was also built at the Victoria Barracks on Petrie Terrace in.</p><br>
<p>The Boundary Street drill shed, the last survivor of the pre-Federation Brisbane drill sheds, and the oldest of the seven Queensland pre-Federation drill sheds known to exist, was built in 1884 to replace the late 1870s drill shed near the Roma Street Railway Station. It is the only surviving drill shed built prior to the creation of the QDF in 1885, and it is the only gable-roofed pre- Federation example to survive. All the other surviving pre-Federation drill sheds in Queensland have a curved-roof design. The latter may have been built to a standard design introduced in 1884, and used iron roof trusses. In December 1885, Queensland&#39;s Colonial Architect, John James Clark, resigned and was replaced by George Connolly, who held that position until 1891.</p><br>
<p>The Defence Act 1884 resulted in a burst of construction of drill sheds until 1891, when the economic depression of the early 1890s reduced defence spending. New drill sheds were constructed in Brisbane at Peel Street (South Brisbane) and at Woolloongabba. Elsewhere in Queensland new or replacement drill sheds were erected in Cairns, Townsville, Ravenswood, Charters Towers (1886, extant, Church Street), Bowen, Mackay, Rockhampton, Bundaberg (1889, extant, west of Maryborough Street), Gympie (1885, section still extant, moved to Everson lane), Ipswich (1891, extant, Milford Street), Bundamba (1891, extant, moved to Boonah in 1899), Southport (1891, extant, Queen Street), Dalby and Warwick. In the late 1890s drill sheds were built at Gatton, Roma and Thursday Island. A submarine mining drill shed was built at Alice Street, Brisbane in 1900, and a naval drill hall was built in Maryborough in 1901.</p><br>
<p>In some locations, caretakers cottages were built near the drill sheds, probably to provide security for weapons stored in the buildings. Such cottages were built at Mackay, Peel Street (South Brisbane), Woolloongabba, Victoria Barracks, Ipswich, Maryborough and Warwick. At least some of these cottages housed the local drill instructor; for example in Ipswich until early 1901 the caretaker and infantry drill instructor was Quarter-Master Sergeant Hoare. Other caretakers cottages were built near rifle ranges.</p><br>
<p>An October 1883 plan of the drill shed eventually built at Boundary Street was signed by the contractor, William Watson, and by Henry Charles Stanley, Chief Engineer for Railways. This plan show a 75 foot by 45 foot (22.9 m by 13.7 m) gabled hall, with a 15-foot (4.6 m) skillion roofed extension along the rear elevation, comprising six rooms entered by eight doors. These probably included an orderly room, as well as armouries for the weapons of various infantry companies. This layout, of an open hall with smaller rooms arranged along one or more elevations, seems to have been a standard arrangement for drill sheds. A small room is sketched on the plan on the left hand side (from the front) of the building, and this room exists as an office on an 1921 plan of the Boundary Street site; but by the time the drill shed was at Water Street this office was on the right hand side.</p><br>
<p>It appears the original intention was to erect the drill shed in Turbot Street, behind the Ann Street School of Arts, but in December 1883 the latter&#39;s members were concerned that the military band might annoy those taking classes – not to mention the mothers at the adjacent lying-in hospital! Another rejected proposal was a site at the corner of Ann and Creek Streets, (now the Central railway station), which was close to the Adelaide Street artillery drill shed.</p><br>
<p>By March 1884 John James Clark had completed plans for a parade ground and drill shed on the Industrial School Reserve on the north side of Boundary Street near Petrie Bight, to the east of St Jamess School. The Brisbane Courier of 20 March 1884 noted that "The design is very plain, but the building will be in every respect suitable for its purpose". The parade ground of 4 chains by 2.5 chains (80 m by 50 m) was located between todays School Street and Barry Parade and was accessed by a lane from Wickham Street.</p><br>
<p>The drill shed, completed by November 1884, was located at the rear (north) of the parade ground and was described as "large, commodious, and well ventilated by means of shutters and a fine lantern roof". It originally had a shingle roof, although the roof was replaced with iron in two stages, between 1900 and 1908.</p><br>
<p>In May 1884 there were also requests for an orderly room, armoury, saddle room and stalls on the land reserved for an infantry drill shed at Boundary Street, for the Brisbane Company Mounted Infantry (later the Moreton Mounted Infantry). Tenders were called for a mounted infantry shed in August 1884, but this was not built until mid-1885.</p><br>
<p>In January 1885 the tender of George Bowser was accepted for levelling and fencing the parade ground, and infantry and mounted infantry were mustering at the Boundary Street drill shed by March 1885. The main units using the Boundary Street site in 1885 were the 1st Queenslanders (Moreton) Regiment and the Moreton Mounted Infantry. Other units that later used the drill shed included the Queensland Irish Volunteer Corps, who were using a room by 1891; and the Brisbane Cyclist Company of the 6th Infantry Regiment, Queensland Rifles, who were present in early 1901. The 6th Regiment and its Cyclist Corps were formed in November 1900, and passed into Commonwealth service in 1901. By July 1903 the drill shed was also used by "A" Company of the Queensland Volunteer Rifles.</p><br>
<p>A plan of the site dated late 1884/early 1885 and signed by George Bowser shows the stables occupying the southern boundary (Boundary Street end) of the parade ground, with a harness and orderly room to the west of the stables. The drill shed was located at the west side of the north end of the parade ground, with the sergeant&#39;s quarters and a "new" detached kitchen to the east of the drill shed.</p><br>
<p>The sergeant&#39;s quarters was erected for Staff Sergeant-Major Patrick Joseph Gubbins, who was the caretaker for the drill shed and also a drill instructor for the infantry. It was decided that, as the Railway Department had "taken the infantry drill shed for their offices, and put up another instead in old Boundary Street", then the Railway Department should either take over the cottage adjacent to the old drill shed and build Gubbins a new residence at Boundary Street, or move the old cottage.</p><br>
<p>In November 1884 figures were given for moving Gubbins cottage to Boundary Street, lining and painting it and building a new kitchen and it is likely that this occurred, rather than a new cottage being built. In 1893 the cottage at Boundary Street was referred to as being "very old". The cottage was erected at Boundary Street after May 1885, when the officer commanding the 1st Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Mein, noted that a caretakers residence was urgently required at Boundary Street, as until a responsible person was resident on the spot, it would be unsafe to allow the rifles to remain in the drill shed.</p><br>
<p>Gubbins, born in Ireland, served with British 80th Regiment (Staffordshire Volunteers) in the Burmese War of 1852-53 and the Bhutan expedition of 1865. He arrived in Queensland in 1875 and joined the Volunteer Force, acting as instructor to the Grammar School Cadets and then the 1st Queenslanders and other corps. During the late 1880s he drilled Companies "A", "B" and "C" of the 1st Queenslanders. In 1889 he was one of the 17 NCOs who were paid instructors of the QDF, and in February 1899 he received long service (39 years) and good conduct medals. He died on 18 August 1901, aged 70, while serving as Staff Paymaster-Sergeant, and his military funeral travelled from the cottage at Boundary Street to the Toowong Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>A bathroom was added to the cottage in 1907, on a concrete floor next to the kitchen, and by 1921 the cottage had been extended back to the kitchen. However, when it was moved to Water Street in 1925 a new rear area and kitchen appear to have been built. Despite this, the front four rooms and front verandah of the current cottage at Water Street date from at least 1885, and possibly the late 1870s.</p><br>
<p>After the Boundary Street buildings and Queenslands other defence assets passed to the Commonwealth in March 1901, some changes were made to the orderly room, which by June 1902 served "A" and "B" Squadrons of the 1st Battalion, Queensland Mounted Infantry. The orderly room (actually a building comprising three rooms, including an office, store and orderly room) was extended, with the addition of a Quartermaster Sergeants store at the east end, which required a truncation of the adjacent stables, and a new front verandah with two sets of steps. By this time the orderly room was used by the 13th Australian Light Horse Regiment. The partition between the two westernmost rooms had been removed by 1921, meaning that the orderly room consisted of three rooms when it was moved to Water Street in 1925.</p><br>
<p>Other buildings at the Boundary Street site prior to the relocation to Water Street included corrugated iron clad, skillion roofed machine gun and harness rooms built in 1907 just north of the orderly room, and a machine gun room and storage room built 1909-10 within the west end of the stables.</p><br>
<p>The Boundary Street drill shed became a training base for the newly created militia forces of the Commonwealth. The Defence Act 1909 (in force January 1911) introduced compulsory part-time military training for all males 12 and over. After World War I, the Commonwealth Government re-introduced compulsory military training.</p><br>
<p>By the 1920s the Boundary Street site was considered unsuitable for military training, as it was small and surrounded by urban development. An exchange of land between the Commonwealth and the Queensland Governments was first proposed in 1923 and the Boundary Street drill shed, caretaker&#39;s cottage, orderly room, and both sets of machine gun rooms and harness/store rooms were relocated and re- erected at the Water Street site around the end of 1925. Throughout the late 19th century and early 20th century, drill sheds were often moved to meet immediate needs.</p><br>
<p>At Water Street, the drill shed was again placed to the rear, left hand side of the parade ground, with the caretaker&#39;s cottage to the right. By 1925 the drill shed only had five rooms at the rear, a partition having been removed, and these rooms had a tar-paved floor, while the main hall had been raised on stumps due to the slope of the ground.</p><br>
<p>In November 1929 the Commonwealth abolished compulsory military training. Water Street was used as a training depot for infantry militia companies, often known as the Australian Military Forces (AMF), rather than for permanent Army personnel. The drill shed was the Regimental Headquarters of the 9/15th Battalion (Moreton and Oxley Regiment) from at least 1932. In addition to the depots purpose as a training venue, its drill shed was, in particular, used regularly for dances and other regimental social functions by the Battalion officers mess.</p><br>
<p>In 1934 the office on the right (northeast) elevation of the drill shed, by then a mess room, was extended to the front of the drill shed, and in 1935 a sergeant&#39;s mess was added to the left (southwest) elevation. Verandahs have been added to the southeast and northeast elevations of the drill shed since 1990, and partitions have been partially removed between the four easternmost rooms to the rear of the hall.</p><br>
<p>Additions to the cottage have also occurred. By 1948 the cottage had a verandah added to its northeast elevation. In 1951 it was occupied by Captain Thomas Erlsford Hayes, Camp Commandant, Northern Command. A new, larger laundry existed by 1962, and the cottage has since had a modern extension added to the rear of the kitchen. In 2011 it was being used as offices by the Endeavour College of Natural Health.</p><br>
<p>The orderly room appears to have been initially set on the north-east boundary of the site (with a single set of steps to the verandah), before being shifted to the south-west boundary by 1934. A new wing was added to the north-west end of the orderly room before 1946, forming an "L" shaped building, and another extension occurred at the south-east end post 1962. In 1963 it was occupied by a Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps (RAANC) training unit, and in 2011 it was used as offices by the Endeavour College. In 2013, as part of approved demolition, the twentieth century extensions were demolished and the building relocated adjacent to the south-western side of the drill shed, set off from it about two metres.</p><br>
<p>The two sets of machine gun rooms and harness/store rooms from Boundary Street were erected on the north-east boundary of the Water Street site near the cottage, but these were replaced with a garage and workshop. After 1925 there were toilets along the south- west boundary of the site, between the drill shed and the second location of the orderly room, but these were replaced by a new toilet block in 1953.</p><br>
<p>After the outbreak of World War II on 3 September 1939, the drill shed was one of just three AMF depots in Brisbane selected by the Federal Government to accept and process the volunteers enlisting as part of Queensland&#39;s contribution to the new 2nd Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF). At the same time, the depot continued to accept new recruits wishing to join the militia, which could serve only within Australian territory. In June 1940, after the fall of France, compulsory home service (militia) training was introduced for unmarried men and widowers without children between 18 and 35 years of age. Many men went to the Water Street Depot with their call-up papers where they were processed for service with the AMF.</p><br>
<p>On 15 July 1941 a home-guard force entitled the Volunteer Defence Corps (VDC) began to be raised across local districts. At least one company of No. 1 Battalion, Post Office Volunteer Corps, later incorporated into the VDC, trained at the Water Street Depot during World War II. The Water Street Depot was also one of the principal Brisbane sites providing medical examinations and enlistments for Civil Constructional Corps (CCC) workers. New members of the Allied Works Council (AWC) staff were also sent to the depot.</p><br>
<p>As a result of the above activities, during World War II a number of huts were added to the Water Street site, within the parade ground and along the Water Street boundary. Most of these have since been removed, although in 2011 two huts still survived along the north-east boundary, and were used as a residence and an acupuncture clinic. A smaller World War II hut was moved to between the orderly room and the 1953 toilets, to be used as an office.</p><br>
<p>After World War II the drill shed continued its pre-war tradition of hosting social events including in late 1945, fund-raising functions for the Miss Australia contest. Reunions of service units, in particular the 2/1st Australian Tank Attack Regiment which held its first reunion at Water Street in 1946, and the 2/15th Battalion AIF, occurred in the post-war years. Former members and veterans of the 2/14th Light Horse and of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment also commenced meeting at Water Street.</p><br>
<p>The Australian Regular Army was created in September 1947 and in 1948, the Royal Australian Regiment was formed from full-time soldiers. As a result, the AMF was renamed the Citizen Military Forces (CMF). The CMF comprised part-time soldiers recruited into state-based units. Locally, these units became components of the Royal Queensland Regiment (RQR).</p><br>
<p>In July 1949, approval was given for the establishment of a CMF armoured car squadron to be known as "A" Squadron 2/14th QMI. The headquarters of this unit were located at the Water Street Depot. In 1951, the National Service Scheme was introduced that required all 18-year-old males to register for six months compulsory military training together with a further period of part-time service. Some "Nashos" would have undergone their military service at the Water Street Depot.</p><br>
<p>The depot was used for other purposes by the military. It was revamped in 1955 and became the base for a number of health associated CMF units and their training facilities. A new hut at the south-east corner of the site was erected in 1955 as a lecture hut and Quartermaster&#39;s store for No. 1 Dental Unit. A World War II hut on the north-east boundary (the northernmost of the two remaining in 2011) was converted into a "Model Ward" in 1955 presumably for either No. 1 Casualty Clearing Station or No. 4 Preventative Medicine Company. By the late 1970s, the Water Street Depot held Army Reserve (a redesignation of the CMF) units. The Commonwealth disposed of the Water Street Depot in 1988, after which it was adapted for use as the Endeavour College of Natural Health.</p><br>
<p>In January 2004 the Brisbane City Council entered the former Water Street Army Depot site in Schedule 1 of the Heritage Register Planning Scheme Policy of the Brisbane City Plan (City Plan Heritage Register). The site was included in the Bowen Hills Urban Development Area (UDA) as designated by the Urban Land Development Authority (ULDA) in 2009. The ULDA prepared a Development Scheme for this UDA that acknowledged the nature and extent of the heritage listing of the depot site by the City Council. Then in 2011 the site was sold and the process was begun to transform it and a neighbouring Brunswick Street site into a mixed-use development. In December that year, after receiving an application, the Queensland Heritage Council decided to enter parts of the depot site encompassing the drill shed, cottage and orderly room building in the Queensland Heritage Register.</p><br>
<p>A series of development applications have been lodged with and approved by the ULDA (now Economic Development Queensland) over the former Water Street depot site. As part of these development approvals the drill shed, cottage and orderly room will be retained and incorporated into the staged development taking place over the entire site. In February 2014 these approvals have meant partial demolition of twentieth century elements of the former orderly room and its relocation within the site. The three heritage buildings will be used for communal facilities within the Central Village development.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Water Street drill shed, caretakers cottage and orderly room are collected at the rear (at the north-east) of a large mixed- use development site bounded by Water Street to the south and Brunswick Street to the west. In 2014 the heritage place is surrounded by medium density residential and office developments. The ground plane slopes up from Water Street towards the rear boundary on the north-western side, where the former drill shed, caretakers cottage and orderly room are located. Facing south-east, these buildings overlook the site from the highest point.</p><br>
<h3>Drill shed</h3><br>
<p>The drill shed is a single-storey, weatherboard-clad, timber-framed building standing on concrete stumps at the front and slab-on-ground at the rear. Situated close to the rear boundary, the long axis of the building is aligned approximately north-east to south-west. The main gable roof is clad in corrugated metal sheeting and has a gable-roofed ventilating ridge running nearly its full length. The north-west side of the building has a skillion roof attached to the main roof. Two skillion-roofed additions on concrete stumps are attached to the north-east and south-west sides of the building. A modern verandah of timber construction runs along the south-east and north-east facades – this structure is not of heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance is through the centre of the south-east facade, now accessed by the modern verandah. This doorway consists of two large sliding timber ledged-and-braced doors. A small hatch door is built into the eastern panel and the western door panel has had a modern doorway cut into it. Rows of timber-framed casement windows on either side of the main entrance occupy openings that once housed timber awning shutters.</p><br>
<p>The north-eastern and south-western facades each retain a single window opening with casements that match those on the main facade. A single timber-battened door with hood is located at the rear of the south-western facade, while a modern flush door is located at the rear of the north-eastern facade. The north-eastern addition is mostly clad in weatherboards with modern French doors opening onto the verandah. Its rear wall is clad in corrugated metal sheeting with a timber hood over a small window. The south-western addition is clad entirely in corrugated metal sheeting, with timber framed double hung sash windows. It has a timber battened door with fanlight on the south- eastern side. A small timber staircase with portico provides access to this door. Windows along the rear north-west facade are timber-framed, eight-light awning windows grouped in five pairs with one solitary window. A concrete spoon drain runs along the base of this wall.</p><br>
<p>The layout of the drill shed consists of a large hall with a series of five rooms along the north-west side. Eight doors lead to these rooms however only three are operational. Doors in the north-east and south- west walls lead to the two side additions. A ceiling has been installed in the hall area, attached to the bottom chord of the timber roof trusses but with diagonal timber supporting members protruding through it along the north-west and south-east sides. The walls are lined with timber tongue-and-groove boards; vertical v-jointed boards on the north-east, south-east and south-west walls; and wide horizontal beaded boards on the north-west wall. A timber belt rail and timber skirting run around the entire hall. The floor is lined with narrow polished timber boards. Of the eight doors along the north-west wall, six are matching timber-battened doors, some with early door hardware. The door at the western end is of a similar style but made from narrower timber boards, while the door at the eastern end is a modern double door.</p><br>
<p>Wall linings in the rooms along the north-west side of the hall retain some original wide beaded boards, while other areas have v-jointed boards or fibre cement sheeting. Openings have been cut into the dividing walls between four of the rooms however the layout and size of each of the rooms is still apparent. Several of the doors into the hall have been sheeted over on this side.</p><br>
<p>The two side additions are single rectangular rooms. The interior of the north-eastern addition has been relined with modern materials and a kitchenette installed at the northern end. The south-western addition is lined with v-jointed boards on the walls and ceiling.</p><br>
<h3>Caretaker's Cottage</h3><br>
<p>The cottage is a high-set, timber-framed building with weatherboard cladding and a hipped roof. Located close to the northernmost corner of the site, it has two skillion-roofed additions to the rear – a corrugated iron clad shed (formerly the laundry) and a modern extension clad in fibre cement sheeting. These two additions are not of heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>Windows along the south-west facade of the cottage are two-light, timber-framed sash windows. An extension along the north-east side of the building was once a verandah but is now enclosed with fibro sheeting. The front verandah, accessed by a central timber staircase, has been enclosed with fibre-cement sheeting and sliding windows but retains the single skin verandah wall, a double-hung sash window, timber verandah posts and balustrade. The core of the house consists of four rooms with a corridor running between the two front rooms. Most walls are single-skin lined with vertical v-jointed tongue-and- groove boards. Some internal doors are high-waisted interwar style. The rear verandah, now enclosed, separates the core from the former kitchen in the north-east corner, now used as office space with doors leading into the modern extension on the northern side. A bathroom at the eastern end of the verandah leads through to a room in the north- east extension. A built-in cupboard made from timber v-jointed boards remains near the entrance to the bathroom.</p><br>
<h3>Orderly room</h3><br>
<p>The former orderly room is a timber-framed, weatherboard-clad building standing adjacent to the south-western side of the drill shed. It is single-storey, has a corrugated metal-clad gable roof, and is set off the ground on timber posts. Parts having been demolished, a range of temporary measures have been employed to support and enclose the building. The building retains a short section of verandah running along its southern side. The verandah has stop-chamfered timber posts and the ceiling is lined with wide, beaded timber boards. Two six- light double-hung sash windows feature on the building&#39;s eastern and northern elevations. A single, flat-sheeted door opens onto the south- facing verandah, as do two double-hung sashes above a narrow timber counter mounted with simple timber brackets against the wall. The interior of the building contains two rooms. Sections of the interior of the building have been lined with modern materials.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Drill Shed, Caretaker&#39;s Cottage and Orderly Room were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 December 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The drill shed, caretakers cottage and orderly room (former) are part of Queenslands response to perceived external threats in the 1870s and 1880s, and are important in demonstrating the resulting military training and support infrastructure constructed during the pre-Federation period in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1884–85 at Boundary Street, Fortitude Valley, and moved to Water Street, Fortitude Valley in 1925, the three colonial-era buildings served a number of Brisbane-based units of the Queensland Defence Force (QDF), and later the Australian Military Forces, the 2nd Australian Imperial Force, the Citizen Military Forces and the Army Reserve.</p><br>
<p>The QDF and its drill sheds and parade grounds, taken over by the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, facilitated the development of Queensland&#39;s military units which later went on to serve in World Wars I and II.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The 1884 drill shed at Water Street is the oldest known surviving drill shed in Queensland, built prior to the formation of the QDF in February 1885.</p><br>
<p>Of the seven known surviving pre-Federation Queensland drill sheds, it is the only one with a gable-roofed design, and it is also the last remaining pre-Federation drill shed in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Along with its accompanying caretaker&#39;s cottage and the former 1885 orderly room of the Moreton Mounted Infantry, both also moved from Boundary Street to Water Street in 1925, the drill shed is part of an uncommon group of colonial era defence buildings. As a pair, the drill shed and the cottage may be a unique surviving example in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The drill shed is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a pre-Federation Queensland drill shed, retaining its large hall area with office and armoury rooms arranged along one side. The hall and the rear rooms of the drill shed continue to illustrate how the building functioned, with spaces for drilling, weapons storage and administration.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The three buildings have a special association with the QDF, an organisation regarded as the first line of defence for colonial Queensland and whose units became part of the Commonwealth forces of Australia after Federation. The drill shed, cottage and orderly room served as military training, accommodation and administration facilities for over 100 years, from 1885 to 1988.</p><br>
<p>In particular, the buildings have an important association with the 1st Queenslanders (Moreton) Regiment and the Moreton Mounted Infantry, two important QDF militia units, and their post-Federation incarnations, the 9th Australian Infantry Regiment and the 13th Australian Light Horse Regiment.</p><br>
<p>Rowes Building is an Australian heritage-listed office building at 235 Edward Street, Brisbane. It is also known as Rowes Arcade. It was built from 1885 to 1926 by W Macfarlane. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992; the address on the heritage register is 221 Adelaide Street as the Rowes Building is on part of an L-shaped piece of land which has frontages onto both Edward and Adelaide Streets with Adelaide as the official address of the land.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rowes Building was erected in 1885 along with the adjacent Rothwells Building. These buildings were erected together for their respective owners, Thomas MacDonald-Paterson and John Forsyth. MacDonald-Paterson was a solicitor and also served as a Member of Parliament. The buildings cost £13,000 to erect and the contractor for the project was W. Macfarlane. The ground floor was designed to be used as offices while the other floors were intended for either offices or warehousing.</p><br>
<p>Macdonald-Paterson took an office in his half of the premises and leased the remaining floorspace.</p><br>
<p>In 1903 William Effy signed a ten-year lease which covered the basement, ground floor and first floor balcony of the site. Effy, whose mother Minna Rowe had established the highly successful Rowes Cafe in Queen Street, continued the catering establishment at the new address and by 1909 the site contained a ground floor dining room with seating for 380 guests.</p><br>
<p>Effy purchased the building in 1914, and in 1925 he engaged architects Hall and Prentice to design major alterations and additions. The scheme, which cost £162,000, included the purchase of what was known as the City Garage, over which Rowes ballroom was built, and additional Adelaide Street frontage. The Adelaide Street building was demolished and a six storeyed building erected, the ground floor containing a shopping arcade (known as Rowes Arcade) with access to Rowes Cafe. The upper floors were divided into office accommodation. The T-shaped complex had its original frontage to Edward Street, but an increased depth to an approximate distance of 300 feet (91.5 m). Further alterations to the Edward Street facade were undertaken in late 1926.</p><br>
<p>In 1958 part of the original cafe was converted to an arcade of shops with extensions in 1961.Rowes passed into the ownership of National Mutual Life Association and a major redevelopment of the combined Rowes/Rothwells buildings took place in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Rowes Building is a five storeyed masonry building with a basement. The classical detailing of the front facade contains individual classical variants common in late Victorian commercial buildings. Most of this ornamentation is executed in plaster.</p><br>
<p>The lower floors have wide arched openings with wide flanking columns topped by decorative capitals. The windows on the upper floors have arched architraves with keystones and are separated by engaged columns with elaborate capitals. At the parapet level there is a cornice supported by bracketing, and centrally above this is a narrow pediment bearing the name "ROWES". The lower level shopfront has also been refitted and a first floor balcony removed. The laneway elevation is a simplified version of the street facade, with round-headed windows in an articulated brick wall.</p><br>
<p>Internally the timber trusses have been left exposed on the upper level and the French doors with lead lights which opened onto the first floor balcony remain.</p><br>
<p>The building is similar in design to the adjacent Rothwells Building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Rowes Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Rowes Building is significant as it demonstrates the principal characteristics of an 1880s commercial building with an elaborate facade.</p><br>
<p>The Rowes Building is significant as it exhibits aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular, it has a fine, classically detailed facade. Its form, materials and scale make a strong contribution to the Edward Street streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Rowes Building is significant as it demonstrates the principal characteristics of an 1880s commercial building with an elaborate facade.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Rowes Building is significant as it exhibits aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular, it has a fine, classically detailed facade. Its form, materials and scale make a strong contribution to the Edward Street streetscape.</p><br>
<p>Rothwells Building is a heritage-listed commercial building at 237 Edward Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1885 to 1909 by W Macfarlane. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rothwells Building was erected in 1885 along with the adjacent Rowes Building. These buildings were erected together for their respective owners, John Forsyth and Thomas MacDonald-Paterson. Forsyth was a local merchant while MacDonald-Paterson was a solicitor and who also served as a Member of Parliament. The buildings cost £13,000 to erect and the contractor for the project was W Macfarlane. The ground floor was designed to be used as offices while the other floors were intended for either offices or warehousing.</p><br>
<p>Forsyth leased his half of the building to Carew, Gardner and Billington Limited in January 1887. This family drapery and importing company later purchased the building in 1896, and in turn leased the building to Rothwells Ltd from December</p><br>
<p>1904. This firm of drapers and tailors was established in 1897 and in 1909 purchased the building for £9,000. In January 1909 a fire burned out four floors of Rothwells Chambers, as it was then known, and the damaged portions of the building were rebuilt. During 1957 and 1958 interior renovations were undertaken. Considerable alterations occurred in the early 1980s as part of the redevelopment of this site and the adjacent Rowes Building. The building currently contains a tavern, an arcade of shops and office accommodation.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Rothwells building is a five storeyed masonry building with a basement. The street facade contains individual classical variants common in late Victorian buildings.</p><br>
<p>The lower floors have wide arched openings with flanking columns topped by decorative capitals, while the windows have arched architraves with keystones. At the parapet level there is a cornice supported by bracketing, and above this is an ornate triangular pediment spanning the width of the building bearing the words ROTHWELL&#39;S - ESTABLISHED 1897.</p><br>
<p>Internally the building is connected with its neighbour Rowes and contains the servicing for both buildings. Suspended ceilings and modern office partitioning predominate.</p><br>
<p>The building is similar in design to the adjacent Rowes Building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Rothwells Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Rothwells Building is significant as it demonstrates the principal characteristics of an 1880s commercial building with an elaborate facade.</p><br>
<p>The Rothwells Building is significant as it exhibits aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular its fine, classically detailed facade, and its form, materials and scale, which make a strong contribution to the Edward Street streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Rothwells Building is significant as it demonstrates the principal characteristics of an 1880s commercial building with an elaborate facade.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Rothwells Building is significant as it exhibits aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular its fine, classically detailed facade, and its form, materials and scale, which make a strong contribution to the Edward Street streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The Hochschober is the mountain that gives its name to the Schober Group in the High Tauern, although the summit is only the fourth highest in the group. This may have arisen because the north face of the mountain is an impressive sight from Kals.</p><br>
<p>The easiest ascent is via the Hochschober Hut from the south to the Staniskascharte notch and along the western arête. There is another route of comparable difficulty from the east and along the upper part of the southeastern arête. The latter route may use the Lienzer Hut as a base. Both routes are waymarked and now generally free of snow in the high summer, unlike earlier years, have easy klettersteig ratings (I) and are somewhat exposed in places. Another ascent option is the partly waymarked climb from the Schobertörl along the northeastern arête, crossing the Kleinschober.</p><br>
<h2>Literature and map</h2><br>
<p>Alpin Club Map Sheet 41, 1:25,000 series, Schobergruppe,</p><br>
<p>Richard Goedeke: 3000er in den Nordalpen, Bruckmann, Munich, 2004,</p><br>
<p>Walter Mair: Alpenvereinsführer Schobergruppe. Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, Munich, 1979.</p><br>
<p>Plasau Duon or Plasauduon is a timber-framed house, formerly in the parish of Carno, but now within the area of the community council of Caersws in the historic county of Montgomeryshire, and now in Powys, Wales. It is located on a site above the left bank of the Afon Carno, on a farm road leading off the lane from the A.470 to Bwlch-y-garreg. It is a fine example of a ‘’Severn Valley’’ house and has a Grade II* listing. It is likely to have been built in the second half of the 16th. century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Welsh Herald Lewys Dunn recorded in the mid-17th century the ancestors of the Evans family who were living at Plasau Duon.</p><br>
<p>Lewis Evans is known to have been living in 1631 It is likely that it was his grandfather (Howell ap Rhydderch) or great-grandfather (Rhydderch ap Llewelyn) were the builders of the original house. By 1904 Plasau Duon had passed to Miss Mytton, the daughter of the Rev Devereux Mytton of Llandyssil.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is of the ‘’Severn Valley’’ type, with a storied porch opposite the main back-to-back central fireplace, the hall on the right, and parlour on the left. A rear wing containing the stair, with side lean-to, added later, appears to replace an earlier wing. The Cadw listing considers that the house was built around 1660, but the dating by dendrochronlogy of other similar Montgomeryshire houses with jettied first floors, such Great Cefnyberen and Glas Hirfryn suggest that Plasau Duon could have been built up to a hundred years earlier.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The hall has a fine ceiling divided into nine square bays with chamfered and label stopped beams and exposed joists. There are dragon beams to the corners supporting the jettied upper floor. There is a large inglenook fireplace with carved arcaded panelling with coat-of arms above. To the left is a carved 17th-century screen which opens to the entrance lobby. Its notable 17th-century floor (beneath modern boards) is of small smooth stones set in earth in geometrical patterns, a technique then widespread in the Trefeglwys and Llanidloes areas There is a similar ceiling in the parlour, divided into six bays, and later wainscott and overmantle. In the extension, at the rear is an oak staircase of box type, with moulded handrail and balusters, and built-in 17th-century cupboards.</p><br>
<h3>Outside</h3><br>
<p>The building is two storied with an attic and slate roof. Plain stone chimney of untypical form. The timber framed construction has close studding to the ground floor, and square timber-framing. The upper storey of the porch has bold diamond framing which is similar to Glas Hirfryn and Rhydycarw in Trefeglwys. The porch is off-centre because the hall is twice as wide as the parlour. The porch has depressed ogee inner and outer doorheads. There are turned balusters set into the sides of the porch and internal side seats. The older part of the house is jettied on three sides with ovolo and hollow moulded bressumers, and supported by brackets.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Davies A,(1903–4) The History of the Parish of Carno Montgomeryshire Collections XXXIII., pp 169–170</p><br>
<p>Smith P and Owen CEV, Traditional and Renaissance Elements in some late Stuart and early Georgian Half-Timbered Houses in Arwystli Montgomeryshire Collections LV–LVI. 1957–60, pp 101–124. Plan at Fig. 4 and photographs before restoration at Plate II</p><br>
<p>Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, (1911), Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Wales and Monmouth I – County of Montgomery.</p><br>
<p>Scourfield R. and Haslam R. (2013), The Buildings of Wales: Powys; Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire and Breconshire, Yale University Press. pp101.</p><br>
<p>Smith P.(1988, 2nd ed.), Houses of the Welsh Countryside, H.M.S.O.,pp 94–5, and maps 10, 19, 30, 33 and 39.</p><br>
<p>Suggett R and Stevenson G. (2010), Introducing Houses of the Welsh Countryside. Cyflwyno Cartrefi Cefn Gwlad Cymru. Y Lolfa/ RCAHMW.</p><br>
<p>The Hochschwab in the Upper Styria is a mountain, and the highest summit in the eponymous mountain range.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The summit of the Hochschwab is a flat, rock and grass-covered dome, that may be reached from the Schiestlhaus to the northeast in about half an hour and via the plateau to the west (Biwakschachtel Fleischerhütte) easil climbed can be. The Schiestlhaus may be approached from Seewiesen at the foot of the Steirischer Seeberg via the Seetal valley, the Untere Dullwitz to the Voisthaler Hut, the Obere Dullwitz and the Graf-Meran-Steig, as well as from the north, from Weichselboden in the Salza valley.</p><br>
<p>The showpiece of the Hochschwab is its mighty, south face which has a width of almost two kilometres and rises to a height of up to 300 metres above the Trawies Saddle and the valleys of Trawiestal (to the southwest) and Obere Dullwitz (to the southeast) which meet at that point. There are climbing routes of all grades up the south face.</p><br>
<h2>1988 Hochschwab tragedy</h2><br>
<p>In early November 1988 there was a mountaineering tragedy on the Hochschwab, which triggered the biggest search operation ever undertaken by the Styrian mountain rescue service to that date. A seven-man group was trapped for 2 days and nights in storms and icy temperatures at a height of 2,000 metres above sea level. Following the deployment of 150 Alpine gendarmes and mountain rescue personnel as well as five helicopters, five of the party were already found to be dead and the remaining two survived with serious injuries.</p><br>
<p>The Hoher Prijakt  and Niederer Prijakt  are a prominent double summit which, seen from the west and north, form one of the most attractively-shaped mountains of the Schober Group. The summit cross was placed on the lower Niederer Prijakt which is easier to see from the valley.</p><br>
<p>The easiest route to the Hoher Prijakt takes about three hours from the Hochschober Hut heading for the Mirnitzscharte notch, later turning north and heading past the lake of Barrenlesee until just below the western Barreneckscharte notch and finally making its way along the unchallenging eastern arête to the summit. The route is waymarked and free of snow and ice in the summer, but does require sure-footedness.</p><br>
<p>The Hoher Prijakt and Niederer Prijakt are separated by the Prijaktscharte, a notch which is a good 60 metres deep. The crossing of the linking ridge takes about 30 minutes and is rated as grade II, but the difficulty is somewhat reduced by protective steel cables. The Niederer Prijakt can alternatively also be ascended on a climbing route, that is not too difficult, from the Mirschachscharte notch along the southwestern arête. The rather more challenging western arête is one of the most beautiful climbing routes in the Schoberg Group, and gains a height of 400 metres (grade IV).</p><br>
<h2>Literature and maps</h2><br>
<p>Alpine Club map Sheet 41, 1:25,000 series, Schobergruppe,</p><br>
<p>Richard Goedeke: 3000er in den Nordalpen, Bruckmann, Munich, 2004,</p><br>
<p>Georg Zlöbl: Die Dreitausender Osttirols im Nationalpark Hohe Tauern, Verlag Grafik Zloebl, 2005,</p><br>
<p>Walter Mair: Alpenvereinsführer Schobergruppe. Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, Munich, 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Embden Town House is a historic civic building at Cross Town Road, near Perkins Road, in Embden, Maine. Built in 1848, it continues to be used for town meetings and other civic functions, although town offices are now located in a more modern facility at 809 Embden Pond Road. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Embden Town House is set in a clearing on the north side of Cross Town Road, just east of its junction with Perkins Road, in Embden, Maine. It is a single-story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof and wooden clapboard and shingle siding. Its main facade, facing southeast, is five bays wide, with a center entry and four twelve-over-eight sash windows with operable shutters. The side gabled elevations have single windows at the center; the western one also has a brick flue. The rear wall is asymmetrical, with a small privy built onto the northwestern corner, and three bays of windows, the center one placed higher than the others. Decorative styling is limited to a simple box cornice.</p><br>
<p>The interior has seen relatively little alteration despite its many years of civic use. The walls are finished with plaster above wainscoting, some of which appears to hold very old paint. Benches are arrayed around the southern, western and eastern walls, and the center of the northern wall has a podium and seating area for the town selectmen. Voting booths are attached to the northwest portion of the rear wall. These, along with the tongue-and-groove wooden ceiling, are 20th-century modifications.</p><br>
<p>Embden was settled in 1779 and incorporated in 1804. For many years town meetings were held in private residences and school buildings, and in 1832 discussion began about construction of a town meeting space. This debate did not reach fruition until 1847, when the town authorized funding for construction. The present building was constructed by Elisha Walker in 1848; he was paid $250.15. The building continues to be used for town functions, although it is no longer a polling place. The building was moved a short distance onto a new foundation in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Free Baptist Church of Great Pond is a historic church building at 1231 Great Pond Road in Great Pond, Maine, a tiny rural community in northern Hancock County. Built c. 1890-95, it is the only architecturally significant public or civic building constructed in the town, serving as a church until about 1938. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012, and is undergoing restoration by a local nonprofit for use as a community center.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Free Baptist Church is set on the east side of Great Pond Road, on the northern corner of its junction with Alligator Road. It is the centerpiece of the small community (population 43 in 2011), whose village center stretches for about 1 mi along Great Pond Road. It is a single-story wood frame structure, with a front-gable roof, clapboard and flushboard siding, and a foundation made partially of cut granite and partially of rubblestone. A gable-roof vestibule projects from the front, with a two-stage tower rising above the vestibule and through the main block&#39;s eave. The belfry stages are finished in flushboarding, with decorative sawn brackets, and the tower is topped by a four-sided spire and metal ball. The main entrance, centered on the projecting vestibule, is sheltered by a bracketed hood with a gable pediment. The side walls are four bays wide.</p><br>
<p>The interior has been little altered since the building&#39;s construction c. 1890-95, lacking even basic modernizations such as electricity and plumbing. The floors are oak planking, the walls are plastered, and the ceiling consists of decorative pressed tin panels. Original pews were bent-arm railback benches.</p><br>
<p>The town of Great Pond was incorporated in 1981, having been settled (as Township 33) in 1810. In 2013 preparations were made to move the building onto a new foundation.</p><br>
<p>William Street retaining wall is a heritage-listed embankment at William Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1889 to 1970s. It is also known as William Street & Queens Wharf Road retaining walls and North Quay porphry wall. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This retaining wall was planned in 1888 to endow William Street with some aesthetic distinction to compliment the new Treasury Building being erected opposite the site. The Victoria Bridge end of an old rubble wall along William Street was to be replaced by a porphyry and sandstone wall with an elaborate cast iron railing and a small pissoir built into the wall at the Elizabeth Street end.</p><br>
<p>In November 1888 the contract was awarded to EJ OConnor, who in the previous year had stabilised the large porphyry retaining wall at Queen Street, Petrie Bight (the Petrie Bight Retaining Wall). Within five months OConnor was contracted to excavate and reform William Street and build the retaining wall for £1431. By the time Cabinet first met in the new Treasury Building in 1889, the wall, railing and gas lamp in William Street were completed.</p><br>
<p>The marble end post was a gift to Mayor William McNaughton Galloway from the Mayor of Adelaide, who had visited Brisbane whilst the wall was being completed. The railing and the elaborate gas lantern were made by local firm Smith Faulkner & Co (formerly Smith Forrester & Co), who also had provided the cast iron railing for the large retaining wall at Petrie&#39;s Bight.</p><br>
<p>By 1890 a cab stand had been established at the Victoria Bridge end of the William Street wall. By the turn of the century the cabs had been supplanted by horse-drawn buses, and a small timber and iron shelter for the convenience of waiting passengers had been erected on the William Street pavement abutting the end railing. This was removed by about 1910.</p><br>
<p>Until 1928 when the Queen Street frontage of the Treasury Building was completed, the William Street frontage was an important focus for official occasions. In January 1901 large crowds congregated in front of the wall to hear Lord Lamington proclaim the Commonwealth of Australia from a balcony of the Treasury Building opposite.</p><br>
<p>In the decades that followed, the wall served more practical purposes. In the twentieth century motorbuses replaced the horse-drawn vehicles lined along William Street, and by the early 1930s a large timber bus timetable sign had been erected against the railing of the retaining wall.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s or early 1930s, fill under the William Street footpath was excavated to accommodate male toilets built into the wall at the Queens Wharf Road level. Apparently at the same time, a three-metre section of the wall and railing was realigned to accommodate a stairway leading from William Street to the new public conveniences. Probably the entrance to the original pissoir was bricked over at this period also.</p><br>
<p>The decorative masonry and iron wall on the other side of Queens Wharf Road was erected in the 1930s. Plans were prepared in 1934, but the wall was not erected until 1936. It appears to have been intended to, and still does, demark the entrance to the ramp leading to Hayles Wharf, which is leased from the council. Sections of the retaining wall here were extant before this period.</p><br>
<p>As a wartime precaution, the Brisbane City Council erected an air-raid shelter on the Queens Wharf Road frontage of the William Street retaining wall, abutting the Victoria Bridge end, circa early 1940s. Above this a bus shelter, equipped with public telephones and a drinking fountain was erected on the William Street footpath in 1944. This remains a principal stop for buses servicing Brisbane&#39;s southern suburbs, but the telephones have been removed.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1970s female toilet accommodation was provided abutting the wall on Queens Wharf Road, and 20 metres of the wall was demolished to make way for the Elizabeth Street off-ramp for the Riverside Expressway.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The William Street wall is constructed of rough-coursed porphyry (Brisbane Tuff), with a parapet, sandstone coping and decorative cast-iron railing. It extends approximately 70 metres along William Street between Queen and Elizabeth Streets, and reaches a maximum height of 4.5 metres to the Queens Wharf Road frontage. A marble pedestal terminating the wall at the Victoria Bridge end is inscribed WM Galloway Mayor 1889, and supports an elaborate gas lamp stand bearing the words Smith, Faulkner & Co. 1889.</p><br>
<p>Visually this wall forms a plinth to the Treasury Building when viewed from the direction of the river.</p><br>
<p>Original stonework and perhaps additional stones face both sides of an interwar stairwell, which has a contemporary metal railing. This leads to a men&#39;s toilet block that has been built into the wall, with windows and a door opening off Queens Wharf Road. The letters BCC are emblazoned in raised cement render in the arch above the central window.</p><br>
<p>A Second World War concrete air-raid shelter is contiguous to the wall on the Queens Wharf Road level. Above this about 15 metres of the parapet has been removed to accommodate a 1944 bus shelter at William Street level.</p><br>
<p>A further 30 metres of the parapet has been removed at the Elizabeth Street end for the building of a female toilet block so that the William Street footpath now extends onto its roof. Box steel railings have been used in this area.</p><br>
<p>Another section of original wall remains between the female toilets and the Elizabeth Street freeway exit ramp. The entrance to the original pissoir, built into the wall in this section, is bricked over.</p><br>
<p>Two lengths of stone kerbing adjacent to the wall survive on top of the cutting made when Queens Wharf Road was lowered in the 1950s.On the other side of Queens Wharf Road is a stone and cast-iron wall that sits on a base wall of rough laid pebbles set in concrete. It consists of a decorative cast-iron railing sitting on top of a porphyry dwarf wall between porphyry pillars. Ornamental capping stones on the pillars are cut at the corners so that they form gables in elevation. Two gateways in the wall are marked by taller pillars with flat capping stones and lead to concrete steps and bitumen surfaced ramps. These ramps give access down the steep slope to the wharves below. This slope is retained by porphyry walls, pebble and concrete walls and battered earth banks.</p><br>
<p>Part of the northern abutment of the second permanent Victoria Bridge (1897) survives as the western end of the Queens Wharf Road retaining wall. Located below Queens Wharf Road and adjacent to the current Victoria Bridge, it is a substantial rock-faced porphyry structure with a smooth sloped sill stone at the junction between the base and the wall above. Adjoining the abutment is a curved battered wall, constructed of loose rough hewn porphyry blocks, that sits on a concrete base.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The William Street retaining wall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The retaining walls are important in demonstrating the evolution and pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, in particular the William Street wall, railing, lamp stand, pissoir entry, interwar toilet block and 1940s air-raid shelter, provide evidence of the civic function of the site. The retaining walls also offer surviving evidence of the 1897 Victoria Bridge.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The iron railings and lamp stand on the William Street retaining wall are important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of the decorative work of leading 19th century Brisbane ironmongers Smith Faulkner & Co.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The retaining walls exhibit particular aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, namely the contribution of both the William Street and Queens Wharf Road retaining walls to the definition of an important ceremonial and civic space associated with the river front and the Treasury Building. The textured surface of the stone, its varied colouration and the light and open effect of the railings endow both walls with special aesthetic appeal.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The site has had a strong and continuing association with Brisbane passenger transport since 1890.</p><br>
<p>The Lasörling is a mountain, and the highest summit in the eponymous range that stretches from the Virgental to the Defereggental valleys opposite the Großvenediger.</p><br>
<p>Occasionally the mountain is also called the "Großer Lasörling" ("Great Lasörling) because it has a double summit - its southeast top reaching a height of.</p><br>
<p>The main top was formerly also called the Bergerspitze, and the southeast top the Musspitze or Virgen Lasörling.</p><br>
<p>The easiest ascent of the mountain begins in the valley of Virgental and runs through the Mullitztal valley to the Lasörling Hut. This climb is glacier-free, but requires sure-footedness and has climbing sections rated at grade I.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name "Lasörling" refers to the appearance of the mountain: Arl(ing) is an old German word for ploughshare or plough and stems from the Old Germanic word or loanword from the Slovene word oralnik. The prefix "Las-" goes back to the (Old) Slovenian word for clearance (German: Gereute), as in other words like Lasnitzen, Laßnitz etc.</p><br>
<h2>First ascent</h2><br>
<p>The Lasörling was first climbed via the northern arête in 1861 by Carl von Sonklar after several attempts.</p><br>
<p>According to other sources the first climbers are unknown, but probably hunters. The first historically confirmed ascent was carryed out by H. v. Acken and his survey assistants in 1854 in the course of state survey work using the present normal route, the southern ascent from the Glauret. Carl Sonklar first crossed the east face on the descent (1861) and the northwestern arête (1864).</p><br>
<h2>Routes to the summit</h2><br>
<p>The most popular route up the Lasörling runs initially from the Lasörling Hut heading northwest into the former mining area of Glauret. South of the summit the path branches off north and runs in zig-zags over piles of moraine to the Lasörlingscharte notch and finally to the summit. The 748 metres of height can be climbed in about three hours.</p><br>
<p>The shortest way from the Virgental valley to the summit runs through the Lasnitzental valley in a southern and later southeasterly direction to the western arête. After a short and easy climb on the ridge in an easterly direction the route arrives at the Lasörlingscharte and joins the path from the Lasörling Hut.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Richard Goedeke: 3000er in den Nordalpen. Bruckmann, München 2004,</p><br>
<p>Walter Mair: Osttiroler Wanderbuch. Tyrolia, Innsbruck 2001, 6. Auflage</p><br>
<p>Hubert Peterka / Willi End: Alpenvereinsführer Venedigergruppe. Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, Munich, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Hirshey Mine was one of the major gold mines in the northern mountains of the Kenai Peninsula in south-central Alaska in the first half of the 20th century. The mine, unlike many local claims an underground operation, is located in the mountains of what is now Chugach National Forest, on the east side of Palmer Creek about 12 mi southeast of the community of Hope. The claim was staked in 1911 John Hirshey, who arrived in the area in 1895 and was one of the early settlers of Hope. He called the claim his "Lucky Strike", and it was worked until all mines were closed in the area in 1942. When the area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, remnants of two buildings survived, along with the entrance to one of the tunnels and discarded equipment.</p><br>
<p>The mine was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Salmon River Falls is a 110 ft waterfall on the Salmon River in Oswego County, New York in the United States. It is situated within the 112 acre Salmon River Falls Unique Area, which is managed by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. The falls and surrounding land are open to the public and are a popular sightseeing destination within the region.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to European settlement, the Salmon River Falls area was utilized by the Onondaga, Oneida, and Cayuga tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy as seasonal fishing grounds, where they would harvest Atlantic salmon that were blocked from further upstream migration on the Salmon River by the falls.</p><br>
<p>It was not until the early 1800s that roads began to expand into the heavily forested region surrounding the falls, allowing for the first sightseers to visit the falls. prior to the extirpation of Atlantic salmon from the river in 1872. A tourist lodge and dancing establishment known as The Cataract House was operated near the falls between 1860 and 1888, and a food and novelty stand was operated at the falls in 1896.</p><br>
<p>The Salmon River underwent extensive changes in the early 1900s with the construction of hydroelectric dams and their associated reservoirs. Between 1912 and 1930, dams and reservoirs were constructed both upstream and downstream of the falls, and a 10,000 ft pipeline was constructed that bypassed the Salmon River Falls. As the amount of water flowing over the falls diminished, their appeal as a sightseeing destination dwindled as well. During this time, the falls and surrounding land was owned by the Salmon River Power Company, which would later be absorbed by the Niagara Mohawk power company. The area remained unimproved, and by the 1960s the falls were known mainly as a problematic location associated with graffiti, cliff diving, unregulated camping, drinking and drug use.</p><br>
<p>Ownership of the falls was transferred to New York State in 1993, and additional water was allowed to be released over the falls starting in 1996. The area has since been improved with parking areas, wheelchair-accessible trails, and interpretive kiosks. Despite these and other safety regulations, the falls were the location of at least five deaths between 1994 and 2013, including at least one person who died while attempting to cliff-dive off the falls.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation and management</h2><br>
<p>The Salmon River Falls Unique Area allows visitors to view the falls via improved trails leading to both the base and the top of the falls. Fencing and special regulations are in place to keep visitors safe during their visit. Specifically, locations that are within 15 ft of the falls and the gorge walls, including the plunge pool, are off-limits, with the exception of a dedicated trail maintained to allow access near the falls&#39; base. In addition, the area is officially closed between sunset and sunrise, and alcoholic beverages are not permitted on the property.</p><br>
<p>The area downstream of the falls has become an ice climbing destination during the winter months. Climbing activities are restricted to the ice formations along the edge of the gorge; climbers are prohibited from ascending the face of the falls.</p><br>
<h3>Flow management</h3><br>
<p>A 10,000 ft pipeline bypasses the stretch of the river between the Salmon River Reservoir and Lighthouse Hill Reservoir, which includes the falls&#39; location. For many years after the pipeline was constructed in 1912, very little water was allowed to pass over the falls (typically less than 5 cuft/s) as the vast majority of water released from the Salmon River Reservoir was directed through the pipeline.</p><br>
<p>However, since 1996 a minimum base flow has been released to the rivers "bypass stretch" to enhance the aesthetic appeal of the falls, as dictated by terms in the Federal Energy Regulatory Commissions re-licensing agreement for hydroelectric power generation on the river. These minimum flows range from 20 cuft/s between July 1 and September 30, to 7 cuft/s between October 1 and June 31. Occasional high water releases of up to 10,000 cuft/s may occur, and higher flows may be seen during extreme flood conditions.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and natural history</h2><br>
<p>The Salmon River Falls formed as the result of two different types of bedrock eroding at different rates over time. At the top of the falls lies Oswego sandstone, which is relatively resistant to erosion when compared to the softer Pulaski shale at the falls&#39; bottom. As the soft shale eroded away, the hard sandstone remained, eventually creating the waterfall as it is seen today.</p><br>
<p>The Salmon River Falls Unique Area contains four distinct plant communities:</p><br>
<p>Northern hardwood forest, 67 acre. Dominated by deciduous tree species such as sugar maple (Acer saccharum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis).</p><br>
<p>Hemlock-northern hardwood forest, 9 acre. Dominated by coniferous species such as eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), as well as mixed deciduous hardwoods.</p><br>
<p>Shale talus slope woodland, 19 acre. Featuring steep wooded rocky slopes dominated primarily by eastern hemlock and northern hardwood species.</p><br>
<p>Shale cliff and talus community, 6 acre. Featuring damp, sheer cliffs with loose rocks and talus accumulations at their base; ledges support some sparse herbaceous plant cover, including flat-top aster (Doellingeria umbellata), fen grass-of-Parnassus (Parnassia glauca), and bladder ferns (Cystopteris).</p><br>
<p>The shale cliff and talus community at the falls also contains two regionally rare plant species considered threatened in New York State: Birds-eye primrose (Primula mistassinica) and yellow mountain saxifrage (Saxifraga aizoides). The inaccessibility of the cliffs where these plants grow keeps them relatively protected, however ice climbers are forbidden from climbing on bare rock cliffs as a measure to avoid impacting these rare plants.</p><br>
<p>A 1996 survey found that bald eagles use the gorge as a location for roosting at night.</p><br>
<p>Garland Farm is a historic house and garden property at 475 Bay View Drive in Bar Harbor, Maine. The property, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005, is significant as the last home of the noted landscape designer Beatrix Farrand, and is now owned by the Beatrix Farrand Society. The property is open to the public, and houses a research library of Farrand materials, as well as gardens established by Farrand in the later years of her life.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Garland Farm property consists of about 5 acre of woods and fields, with a main house, greenhouse, barn, and a small shop. The main house, a Cape built c. 1800 and rebuilt in the mid-19th century, was acquired by the Garland family in the 1870s, and was the home of Lewis and Amy Garland, the superintendent and chief horticulturalist of Beatrix Farrands Reef Point Estate. When Farrand decided in 1955 to abandon Reef Point, the Garlands took her in, building an addition onto the rear of the house, which was designed by Bar Harbor architect Robert W. Patterson. This addition is separated from the main house by a narrow hyphen, and uses materials recycled from Farrands Reef Point cottage, which was demolished.</p><br>
<p>When Farrand came to the property, she brought some of her plants from Reef Point, and established gardens on either side of her wing. The front garden, east of the wing, featured her favorite Asian and native plants, set in a space lined by a low box hedge with a bluestone path. A rustic bench taken from Reef Point adorns this space. The rear garden is a larger formal space, surrounded by a fence from Reef Point, and is visually joined to the house, which has French doors from each room opening out onto it.</p><br>
<p>The property was acquired in 2004 by the Beatrix Farrand Society, established in part to preserve her legacy at this location. The wing of the house built for Farrand has been adapted for use as a research library.</p><br>
<p>The Rauhkofel or Rauchkofel  is a summit on the main crest of the Zillertal Alps, which forms the border between the Austrian state of Tyrol and the Italian province of South Tyrol. The name of the mountain  comes from the rugged appearance of the granite blocks that form the summit. The Rauhkofel rises above its neighbouring peaks on the main Zillertal ridge considerably and it is considered the best lookout mountain in the eastern Zillertal Alps. The east and south arêtes of the Rauhkofel are part of the main crest of the Zillertal Alps. Another ridge runs from the summit heading northwest; on its continuation at a distance of just under two kilometres is the Kleinspitze . North of the summit are the remnants of the Rauhkofelkees glacier. At the southwestern foot of the peak is the Waldner See, the largest lake in the Ahrntal valley.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>The summit is almost exclusively approach from the South Tyrolean side, but it is a very long climb. Around the turn of the 20th century the Lusatian Branch of the German and Austrian Alpine Club erected a hut south of the mountain and blazed a trail along the south arête. The hut has fallen into ruins, but parts of the trail have survived and form elements of the normal route today.</p><br>
<p>The most common route from Prettau in the Ahrntal runs via the Waldneralm and the Waldnersee to the south arête of the mountain. Here the climber can either walk from Kasern, the nearest village in the Ahrntal, via the Stadlalm and Marchsteinboden. At the southern spur of the mountain at a height of about 3,000 metres, the path ends and the route continues over coarse boulders and patches of snow, partly on the mountainside west of the arête, but it is waymarked to the summit. About 5 hours should be allowed for the ascent.</p><br>
<p>The Evans-Kirby House is a historic house at 611 South Pine Street in Harrison, Arkansas. It is a two story wood frame structure on a sandstone foundation, with a busy roofline and asymmetrical massing typical of the Queen Anne style. The roof is punctuated with five dormers of different sizes and shapes, and the walls are finished with clapboards and decoratively-cut shingles. The porch is adorned with spindled friezes and brackets. The property also includes a period barn/carriage house and garage, the latter over an original smoke cellar. The house was built in 1895 for Dr. E.L. Evans, who sold it in 1906 to his brother-in-law, Dr. Frank Kirby.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Potts Plantation is a historic plantation complex and national historic district located near Cornelius, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 11 contributing buildings, 12 contributing sites, and 4 contributing structures in rural Mecklenburg County. The plantation seat was built in 1811, and consists of a two-story, three bay, weatherboarded log house on a low brick foundation with flanking one-story wings added in 1947. The house has Federal, Late Victorian, and Colonial Revival style design elements. Associated with the plantation seat are the contributing smokehouse , dependency, poultry house , double-pen log barn work area, and corn crib . Other notable contributing resources are the Slave Cemetery, five tenant complexes, the Smith Cottage Complex , Smith Cottage , and Potts Cemetery . The Potts Plantation has been the property of the Potts family since 1753.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Chairman Blake House is a historic private home located at Davidson, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. It was built about 1860, and is a 1 1/2-story, five bay, double pile Greek Revival style frame dwelling with a one-story rear ell. It has steep side gable roof, four brick interior chimneys, and weatherboard sheathing. It features porches on the front and rear facades supported by Tuscan order columns. It was moved to its present location in October 2000. It was the home of Professor John Rennie Blake , who is believed to have occupied the house throughout his tenure at Davidson College, 1861–1885. Today, the home is privately owned by the Hevey family.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>At the Ruderhofspitze is the fourth highest mountain in the Stubai Alps in Austria. It is part of the Alpein Mountains  and lies in the Austrian state of Tyrol. As a result of its topographic isolation and good all-round views it is one of the most visited mountains in the Stubai. An almost two-kilometre-long arête, the Grawawand, runs away from the summit to the east. Less prominent ridges run south and northwestwards from the Ruderhofspitze. The peak was first ascended on 30 August 1864 by Karl Baedeker , Anton von Ruthner and mountain guides Pankraz Gleinser and Alois Tanzer.</p><br>
<h2>Location and surrounding area</h2><br>
<p>The Ruderhofspitze lies a good six kilometres as the crow flies west of Ranalt in the Stubai valley and about ten kilometres east of Gries, a village in the municipality of Längenfeld in the Sulztal valley. The mountain is surrounded by glaciers. To the southeast, below the Grawawand is the Grawawandferner glacier, to the south the Ruderhofferner, to the west the expansive Alpeiner Ferner and to the north the Hochmoosferner runs right up to just under the summit cross on the Ruderhofspitze. Its neighbouring peaks are: to the north and separated by the Hochmoosscharte notch (3,231 m), the Westliche Seespitze (3,355 m) and along the Grawawand, separated by the crossing of Grawagrubennieder (2,880 m), the Nockwand (3,091 m). To the south, down to the Mutterbergalm in the Stubai valley there are no summits. To the west, separated by the Alpeiner Ferner glacier, is the mightiest mountain of the group, the 3,496-metre-high Schrankogel.</p><br>
<h2>Bases and routes</h2><br>
<p>The route used by the first climbers to ascend the Ruderhofspitez in 1864 led from the Oberissalm in the Oberbergtal valley to the Alpeiner Ferner. There, because the Schrankogel appeared too difficult, they decided to make the Ruderhofspitze the goal of their trek. After over eight hours they reached the summit. The present normal route, the easiest ascent, runs in a great arc over the Alpeiner Ferner as a high mountain tour to the Ruderhofspitze and should only be undertake with the right equipment and knowledge. The base for this route is the Franz Senn Hut situated to the northeast of the mountain at an elevation of 2,147 metres. From the hut the tour heads in a southwesterly direction along the Alpeiner Bach to the Alpeiner Ferner and then over the heavily crevassed glacier initially heading south and then east into the bay of the glacier below the Ruderhofspitze. From here there are two options to get to the firn field on the south side below the summit: one leads across the steep WSW flank on fixed ropes (negotiating the bergschrund with a risk of rockfalls) or the somewhat longer, but easier route along the long SSW arête from the upper Hölltalscharte notch. The route runs across the firn field on the south side to the rocky summit block and finally up an easy climb to the highest point. About an hour shorter, but not easier, is the ascent from the New Regensburg Hut along the Grawagrubennieder and the Grawawandferner. Other routes to the Ruderhofspitze run from the Mutterbergalm and the Dresdner Hut (a six-hour ice tour) to the Ruderhofspitze.</p><br>
<h2>Literature and maps</h2><br>
<p>Walter Klier, Alpine Club Guide Stubaier Alpen, Bergverlag Rother, Munich, 2006,</p><br>
<p>Eduard Richter: Die Erschließung der Ostalpen, II. Band, Berlin, Verlag des Deutschen und Oesterreichischen Alpenvereins, 1894</p><br>
<p>Alpine Club map 1:25,000 series, Sheet 31/1, Stubaier Alpen, Hochstubai</p><br>
<p>The Deanery is a heritage-listed detached house at 417 Ann Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It sits within the grounds of St John&#39;s Cathedral, Brisbane. It was built by Andrew Petrie and renovated in to a design by Robin Dods. It is also known as Adelaide House. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This residence, originally known as Adelaide House, was constructed for Dr William Hobbs who arrived in Brisbane in May 1849 as the ships surgeon on board the Chaseley, the second of Reverend John Dunmore Langs immigrant ships. Hobbs was a prominent medical figure. In 1853 Hobbs commissioned Andrew Petrie to build a two storey house on a hill overlooking the river.</p><br>
<p>When Sir George Bowen was appointed the first Governor of Queensland in 1859, Government House was still being planned. As an interim measure, Adelaide House was rented by the government for £350 per year, as the Governor&#39;s residence. On 10 December 1859, the proclamation creating the colony of Queensland was read by Bowen on the first floor balcony of Adelaide House where he was sworn in as Governor by Judge Alfred Lutwyche. On the completion of Government House in lower George Street in 1862, Dr Hobbs returned with his family to Adelaide House.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s excavations for the extension of Adelaide Street destroyed Dr Hobbs&#39;s garden and left the house close to the steep cutting, prompting the family to move in 1883. From 1883 until 1899 the property was let to various tenants and for a period was used as a day school and later a boarding house.</p><br>
<p>In 1899, the property was acquired by the Church of England and was used as a Church Institute, a book depot and Diocesan Registry. With the construction of Church House in 1909, Adelaide House was renovated and the verandahs, to a design of Robin Dods, were added. After the consecration of St John&#39;s Cathedral in 1910, Adelaide House became the residence for the Dean and known as The Deanery.</p><br>
<p>Alterations and renovations costing £4,000 were undertaken in 1954. Also a double garage was built, replacing the coach house and stables. The Dean moved into the northern section of the building and the Precentor occupied the southern half. Recently, the Precentor moved to nearby St Martin&#39;s House.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This two storey residence with attic has external walls of 600mm thick random Brisbane tuff with sandstone facings. It has a symmetrical plan form with a nearly pyramidal hipped roof with hipped attic dormer windows. Two of these look out towards the Brisbane River and another pair face Ann Street to the rear of the building. Chimneys rise from the end hips of the main roof.</p><br>
<p>The two-level timber verandahs have shallow hipped roofs at the upper level with the one facing Adelaide Street having a gable section in line with the entry at the ground floor level. French doors open to the verandahs which have timber posts and detailing. The side verandah has paired posts compared to the verandah over the entry which has individual ones. The original entry, which now faces the sheer drop to Adelaide Street has a freestone pilastered entrance porch, flanked by two Doric columns at the front. The entry door is surrounded by leadlight windows.</p><br>
<p>The house has a high degree of integrity internally, despite alterations to room layouts at various stages which involved both the removal and additions of walls and doors. Some original fireplaces remain, as does most joinery including the staircase, which is painted white. The side verandahs have been enclosed.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Deanery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Deanery is significant as Queensland&#39;s first Government House and the site where Queensland was proclaimed a colony.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The building is also a rare example of an 1850s residence.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Deanery is significant as an example of the work of Andrew Petrie who constructed many of Brisbane&#39;s early buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Deanery is significant for its association with Dr Hobbs, a prominent medical figure in nineteenth century Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Church House is a heritage-listed office building at 417 Ann Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It sits within the grounds of St John&#39;s Cathedral, Brisbane. It was designed by Robin Dods and built in 1909. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1899 the Church of England acquired property in Ann Street for the construction of a St Johns Cathedral, a day school and church offices. In 1909 Church House, to a design of Robin Dods, the diocesan architect, was built as the Diocesan Offices for the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane. It was stage one of a complex which was also to include a Synod Hall. The complete design followed an L-shape plan and would have extended the building close to Webber House, creating a small closed space around St Johns Cathedral. The design was applauded by fellow architects and displayed at the Royal Academy Exhibition at London in 1910.</p><br>
<p>Church House is still used as offices and currently houses the Diocesan Archives and Social Welfare department of the Diocese.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Church House is a two storeyed building, constructed in brick with some relieving stone courses and dressings to the windows. The steeply pitched gable roof is tiled and finishes at the southern end with a low raking parapet. The other end features a simple gable indicating the proposed second stage extension.</p><br>
<p>It is essentially Gothic in its overall form, especially the dominant high pitched roof and narrow lancet windows but has been greatly influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement. The upper storey of the Ann Street facade has three cantilevered concrete balconies with wrought iron balustrading and an oriel window. The eaves overhang of the roof skirts around the gable ends as a sunhood. The fenestration on the upper level has square heads while the lower level has gothic arches apart from a side doorway which has a semi-circular arch. The main entry off Ann Street is a broad gothic arched opening with stone trimmings.</p><br>
<p>Internally, most of the original fabric remains. Changes have included some modern partitioning and surface ducted air-conditioning.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Church House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Church House is significant for its association with the Anglican Diocese since 1904.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Combining the Arts and Crafts manner, Church House is significant for its well resolved design and detail, forming an integral part of an ecclesiastical group of buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Combining the Arts and Crafts manner, Church House is significant for its well resolved design and detail, forming an integral part of an ecclesiastical group of buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>Combining the Arts and Crafts manner, Church House is significant for its well resolved design and detail, forming an integral part of an ecclesiastical group of buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Church House is significant as an important work of prominent Brisbane architect Robin Dods.</p><br>
<p>Webber House is a heritage-listed former school and present-day church hall at 439 Ann Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It sits within the grounds of St Johns Cathedral, Brisbane. It was designed by John Smith Murdoch and Robin Dods and built in 1904 by Worley & Whitehead. It is also known as Cathedral Schools and St Johns Institute. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1899 the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane acquired property in Ann Street for the construction of St Johns Cathedral, a day school and Church Institute. It was constructed by Worley and Whitehead of Ipswich to a joint design of John S Murdoch and the diocesan architect Robin S Dods. Murdoch, who was an architect for the State Works Department (1894-1903) took leave of absence to design Webber House and also St Lukes Church of England in Charlotte Street.</p><br>
<p>Stone from St John&#39;s Pro-Cathedral in William Street (demolished in 1904) was re-used for the foundation stones, and in the front and rear walls. The main doors, most of the gothic style windows and the roof trusses were also re-used.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor contained the assembly hall and at the rear were two covered playsheds. The second floor included the institute reading room, two schoolrooms and the teachers&#39; room. The top storey was one large room for the institute. In all, accommodation was provided for 300 children.</p><br>
<p>The Sisters of the Sacred Advent conducted a school in the premises from 1936 until 1941. During the Second World War the building was occupied by the Australian Army Engineering Corps and the Army Medical Department and was subsequently used for Cathedral activities and meeting hall.</p><br>
<p>In 1969-70 the building was renovated and the verandahs were enclosed. It was named Webber House in honour of William Webber, third Bishop of Brisbane (1885-1903). Webber had been instrumental in initiating the development of the cathedral precinct.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1904, as part of the St John&#39;s Cathedral complex, Webber House is a three storeyed masonry building with steeply pitched slate roofs. While the roof form and windows give it a Gothic appearance, the details, mixture of materials, scale of elements, external spaces are influenced by the contemporary Arts and Crafts movement.</p><br>
<p>The massing of the building consists of steep gable roofs gradually stepping up at right angles to each other until they reach the tall three storeyed central gable portion. The stonework appears generally in the lower part of the structure up to the top of the first level and then appears in strips and around the window openings in the brickwork above. The fenestration is predominantly Gothic arched but some square headed openings and small quatrefoil vents appear high up in some of the gable ends. Two of the gable roofs have lower portions of a lesser pitch, creating a form of sun hood. Immediately below the eaves line of this feature of the roof is a band of glazing separated in one case by the tops of buttresses when they occur, and in the other by timber posts.</p><br>
<p>Internally, a spacious stairwell leads to the upper floors. The top floor features a steep boarded ceiling above timber trusses which are supported at each end on three turned timber columns.</p><br>
<p>Fretting stonework to the ground floor has been cement-rendered to imitate the original pick-faced and margined stones. The building is generally intact both externally and internally.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Webber House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Webber House is significant as an excellent example of a creative architectural design in the Arts and Crafts manner re-using materials from the Pro-Cathedral. The building forms an integral part of the cathedral complex.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Webber House is significant as an excellent example of a creative architectural design in the Arts and Crafts manner re-using materials from the Pro-Cathedral. The building forms an integral part of the cathedral complex.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Webber House is significant as an example of the work of two prominent Queensland architects, John Murdoch and Robin Dods. The building is also significant for its association with Bishop Webber who was instrumental in the development of the Cathedral complex.</p><br>
